Министерство образования и науки российской федерации

Федеральное агентство по образованию

Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики

Кафедра «Деловой иностранный язык»

ТЕКСТы ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАПРАВЛЕННОСТи (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)

Практикум

для студентов экономических специальностей

Санк-Петербург

2008

Одобрено на заседании кафедры «Деловой иностранный язык», протокол № 6 от 26.12.2006 г.

Рекомендовано к изданию на заседании Ученого совета ИТиМЭО, протокол №5от 27.12.2006 г.

Тексты профессиональной экономической направленности (английский язык). Практикум для студентов экономических специальностей / сост. И.А. Бисько, И.В. Кирина, Е.А. Паксюткина. – СПб.: Изд-во СПбГУСЭ, 2008. – 83с.

Учебное пособие представляет собой практикум по лексике английскому языку и содержит большое количество разнообразных заданий и упражнений по основным разделам программы.

Объем приведенных упражнений достаточен для отработки и закрепления навыков иноязычной речи. Предлагаемая система лексических и речевых упражнений, а также ситуативно-коммуникативные задания позволяют использовать данное пособие как для аудиторной работы под руководством преподавателя, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов.

Практикум предназначен для студентов высших учебных заведений, изучающих экономические специальности.

Составители: д-р пед. наук, проф. И.А. Бисько;

ст. преп. И.В. Кирина;

канд. филол. наук, доц. Е.А. Паксюткина

Рецензент: проф. В.А. Маевская

© Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики

2008 г.

Оглавление

Оглавление 3

Предисловие 4

Unit 1. THE MEANING OF ECONOMICS 8

Unit 2. MONEY 16

Unit 3. EMPLOYMENT 38

TRAIN YOUR RENDERING 58

АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ТЕРМИНОВ 65

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 85

Предисловие

This textbook will help you to develop the skills of the reading and writing. It involves a wide range of activities to keep you interested. A certain amount of time will be spent on traditional reading and writing exercises and you will find that it allows you to get lots of practical experience of dealing with real life business situations in English, as we consider fluency to be as important as accuracy.

For most people, it is easy to learn to read faster. Your reading rate is often just a matter of habit. But to begin, you may need to try to change some habits and try these tips:

1. Pay attention when you read and read as if it really matters. Most people read in the same way that they watch television, i.e. in an inattentive, passive way. Reading takes effort and you must make the effort.

There are some simple methods that you can use to pay better attention and get more out of your textbook reading time.

Different authors call it different things, but many researchers say that you will improve your comprehension if you somehow «preview» the passage before you actually sit down and read every word.

To do a preview you:

take 30 to 60 seconds.

look over the title of the chapter.

look at all the headings, subheadings and marked, italic or dark print.

look at any pictures or illustrations, charts or graphs.

quickly skim over the passage, reading the first and last paragraph and glancing at the first sentence of every other paragraph.

close the book and ask yourself:

What is the main idea?

What kind of writing is it?

What is the author's purpose?

You might not think that you could possibly answer these questions with so little exposure to the material, but if you do the preview correctly, you should have some very good general ideas. If you have a general idea of what the passage is about before you really read it, you will be able to understand and remember the passage better.

When you finally get to the point where you are actually slowly reading the passage, read in a «questioning» manner as if you were searching for something. It sometimes helps if you take the heading or title of a chapter and turn it into a question.

2. Stop talking to yourself when you read. People talk to themselves in 2 ways, by:

• vocalizing, which is the actual moving of your lips as you read,

and

• subvocalizing, which is talking to yourself in your head as you silently read.

Both of these will slow you down to the point in which you find that you can't read any faster than you can speak.

Speech is a relatively slow activity; for most, the average speed is about 250 WPM (words per minute).

Reading should be an activity which involves only the eyes and the brain. Vocalization ties reading to actual speaking. Try to think of reading as if you were looking at a landscape, a panorama of ideas, rather than looking at the rocks at your feet.

3. Read in thought groups. Studies have shown that when we read, our eyes must make small stops along the line. Poor readers make many, many more fixations (eyestops) than good readers. Not only does this slow you down, but it inhibits comprehension because meaning is easier to pull from groups of words rather than from individual words or even single letters. Try to read in phrases of three or four words, especially in complete clauses and prepositional phrases. Your mind may internalize them as if the whole phrase is like one big meaning-rich word.

4. Don't keep re-reading the same phrases. Poor readers habitually read and re-read the same phrase over and over again. This habit of making «regressions» doubles or triples reading time and often does not result in better comprehension. A single careful, attentive reading may not be enough for full comprehension, but is often more effective than constant regressions in the middle of a reading. It is best to work on paying closer attention the first time through. Do a preview first before the careful reading and try the tips mentioned above. You'll remember better without the rereading.

5. Vary your reading rate to suit the difficulty and type of writing of the text. Poor readers always read at the same slow rate. An efficient reader speeds up for easier material and slows down for the hard. Some things were not meant to be read quickly at all. Legal material and very difficult text should be read slowly. Easier material and magazines and newspapers can be read quickly. Poetry and plays were meant to be performed, and if not acted out, then at least, spoken out loud orally. This obviously will conflict with good speed reading method which forbids vocalization. Religious writings and scripture were originally written to be recited and listened to by an audience which was likely to be intelligent, but illiterate. The «fun» of poetry, plays, or prayer is not really experienced if you «speed read» the text.

Talking about writing whether you hate or love it, it always helps to plan what you want to say. One method that has always helped to do it is the rhetorical square – a mnemonic device designed to help you figure out what to say before you say it. There are some other words used for it, but the best one is «P.A.W.S».

Paws stands for «purpose, audience, writer, subject».

P.A.W.S. is most helpful when establishing the goals of the piece you are writing and can be as formal and lengthy or informal and brief as you like. Ask yourself these questions the next time you sit down to write.

Purpose. What do you want to accomplish through your writing? Every composition has its purpose, even it is just to finish an assignment. For example, you may write a letter to convey information, to sell something, or to say hi to an old friend. You might write a brochure to inform customers of a new product, explain your company’s mission to them, or to serve as an advertisement for your services.

Audience. The most important thing you need to know in order to communicate clearly through writing is whom you are writing for. Who will read your writing? Your mother? Your client base? Your boss? Every audience has a different level of experience and education. For example, when writing a report to your boss, you may share company jargon that the average Joe doesn’t understand because the average Joe won’t be reading the report. Similarly, you will communicate differently to your employees and your customers.

Writer. Third, take into consideration the person you will assume when writing the piece. Think about the tone you want to use and the image you want to present to your audience. From what perspective are you writing? What impression do you want to give your readers? For example, if you get a new job, you will want to announce it to your friends, your clients and your current supervisor. You wouldn’t think of using the same tone in all three letters, would you? You might sound enthusiastic and informal with your friends and enthusiastic and polite with your clients. Depending on your relationship with your current supervisor, you will probably be official and reticent with her or him.

Subject (or message). How should you say it? The length or purpose of the piece lends itself to your subject. It’s very hard to fit a full-length board report on a post card; at the same time, you wouldn’t want to write a memo about your travels in the jungle during your summer vacation. Note that this the same as your purpose: your subject or message is the content itself; ask yourself what the piece is about and decide what is the most appropriate format for it to take.

Good writers routinely analyze the four elements of PAWS. Using it to prepare your writing, whether it’s a personal email, formal business report, or your best selling novel, will improve your writing and get your argument across clearly.