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RECOMMENDED READING:
1.Аракин В.Д. История английского языка: Учебное пособие. – 2-е изд.
– М.: ФИЗМАТЛИТ, 2001. – 272с.
2.Аракин В.Д. Очерки по истории английского языка. М. 1973.
3.Бруннер К. История английского языка. Т. 1-2. Перев. с немецкого. – М.: 1955.
4.Верба Л.Г. Історія англійської мови. Посібник для студентів та викладачів вищих навчальних закладів. – Вінниця: НОВА КНИГА, 2006. – 296с. – Англ. мовою.
5.Залесская Л.Д., Матвеева Д.А. Пособие по истории английского языка для заочных отделений факультетов английского языка педагогических институтов. – М.: Высш. шк., 1984.
6.Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. История английского языка. Учебник. Изд. 3-е. – СПб., «Авалон», «Азбука-классика», 2006. – 560с.
7.Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. Практикум по истории английского языка: Учебное пособие. Изд. 3-е, перераб. – СПб., «Авалон», «Азбука-классика», 2005. – 192с.
8.Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка. – Л., 1973.
9.Линский С.С. Сборник упражнений по истории английского языка. Л., 1963.
10.Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка: Учебник / Т.А. Расторгуева. – 2-е изд, стер. – М.: ООО «Издательство Астрель»:
ООО «Издательство АСТ», 2002. – 352с. – На англ. яз.
11.Резник Р.В., Сорокина Т.А., Резник И.В. История английского языка / A History of the English Language. – М.: Наука, Флинта. – 2003. – 496с.
12.Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка. – М.: ООО
«Добросвет», 2000. – 238с.
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13.Смирницкий А.И. Хрестоматия по истории английского языка (с VII поXVIIв.). – М., 1953.
14.Хаймович Б.С. Стислий курс історії англійської мови. – К.: Вища школа, 1975. (A Short Outline of the History of English). – 89с.
15.A History of the English Language. Edited by Richard Hogg & David Denison. Cambridge University Press, 2006. – 511p.
16.A Companion to the History of the English Language. Edited by Huruko Momma & Michael Matto. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. – 708p.
17.Barber, Charles; Beal, Joan C.; Shaw, Philip A. The English Language. A Historical Introduction. – 2nd ed. – Cambridge University Press, 2009. – 320p.
18.Baugh, Albert C. & Cable, Thomas. A History of the English Language. Fifth Edition. Routledge, 2002. – 447p.
19.Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Oxford University Press; Reprint edition, 1997. – 495p.
20.Culpeper, Jonathan. History of English. Routledge, 2005. – 134p. 21.Fennell, Barbara A. A History of English. A Sociolinguistic Approach.
Blackwell Publishers, 2001. – 284p.
22.Gelderen, Elle van. A History of the English Language. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. – 334p.
23.Pyles, Thomas; Algeo, John. The Origins and Development of the English Language. – 4th edition. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993. – 381p.
24.Shay, Scott. The History of English. – Wardja Press. – 2008. – 232p. 25.The Oxford History of English. Edited by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford
University Press, 2006. – 498p.
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EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
1.Periods in the history of English and their characteristics.
2.The state of endings and its significance for the development of English.
3.The major peculiarities of Proto-Germanic compared with Indo European.
4.Word accentuation in the Proto-Germanic period.
5.Scandinavian invasion and its influence on the history of English.
6.Norman Conquest and its influence on the history of English.
7.The formation of the English national language: reasons and consequences.
8.The comparative-historical method. Indo-European family of languages.
9.Grimm’s Law. Exceptions to the Grimm’s Law.
10.Verner’sLaw.DevelopmentofIndo-EuropeanvowelsinGermaniclanguages.
11.Phonetic peculiarities of West-Germanic languages.
12.Anglo-Saxon dialects and their phonetic peculiarities.
13.Phonetic changes in Old English.
14.The Old English system of sounds and letters.
15.Middle English spelling changes.
16.Middle English consonant changes.
17.Middle English quantitative changes of vowels.
18.Middle English qualitative changes of vowels.
19.Development of OE diphthongs and new diphthongs in Middle English period.
20.Early New English spelling changes.
21.Early New English changes of short and long vowels.
22.Early New English combinative changes.
23.Early New English changes of consonants.
24.Development of diphthongs in Early New English.
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25.Historical development of the English Noun.
26.The main categories of the Verb in Old English.
27.Verb conjugation in Old English. Irregular verbs in Old English.
28.Mixed (Preterite-Present) verbs in Old English.
29.Development of the Verb in Middle English.
30.Early New English changes in the system of the Verb.
31.The Pronoun and its historical development.
32.The Article and its historical development.
33.Historical development of the English Adjective.
34.Old English Syntax.
35.English Syntax in the Middle and Early New English periods.
36.Development of the English vocabulary in the Old English period.
37.Development of the English vocabulary in the Middle English period.
38.Development of the English vocabulary in the Early New English period.
TOPICS FOR SELF-STUDY AND REPORTS
1.English runes. Runic inscriptions.
2.Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum.
3.OE period. Heptarchy. OE dialects. OE manuscripts.
4.Cædmon and Cynewulf.
5.Kennings in OE.
6.Beowulf and Poetry in OE.
7.Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
8.The years of King Alfred and the Danelaw.
9.Early Middle English Dialects.
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10.ME written records. Peterborough Chronicle.
11.History of the London dialect.
12.Geoffrey Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales.
13.“Chaucer’s contemporaries”.
14.Early New English. Shakespeare’s language.
15.Language and the Age of Renaissance.
16.Printing and standardization of English.
17.Post-Shakespearian English.
18.The King James Bible.
19.Development of English spelling / orthography.
20.English grammarians.
21.First dictionaries of the English language.
22.Varieties of English in Britain.
23.Geographical expansion of the English language (American, Australian, Canadian, Indian, New Zealand).
24.English as a Global Language.
25.Influence of English on other languages, IE and non-IE.
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GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS
Ablaut: Jacob Grimm's term for the way in which OE strong verbs formed
their preterites by a vowel change. This is also called gradation. An example would be the principal parts of Old English strong verbs, such as cēosan ‘to choose’ – cēas – curon – coren, and ModE ring, rang, rung.
Agreement: Matching of grammatical forms within a phrase (e.g., this table, these tables) or a sentence (e.g., there is a road, there are roads). Also called concord.
Analytic language: A language in which grammatical relationships among words in a sentence are determined by the order of the words in that sentence. This language tends to use separate words to convey grammatical information: e.g., more beautiful, most beautiful. Modern English is an example.
Anglo-Norman: French spoken by the Normans in England after the Norman Conquest, a geographical variety of Norman French.
Anglophone: English-speaking, usually pertaining to a person or a region in a colonial or post-colonial setting. An Anglophone is an English-speaking person typically in Canada.
Anglo-Saxons: The Germanic peoples who settled the British Isles beginning in the 5th and 6thA.D. and spoke Old English. Conquered by the Normans in 1066, they were gradually absorbed into the Norman French-speaking population.
Article: There are two kinds in English: the definite article the and the indefinite article a(n). The former has derived from OE demonstrative forms like þæm, þa (‘the’), and the latter from the OE numeral ān (‘one’).
Aspect: Refers to a category of the verb pertaining to time. A sentence like “they are traveling” (i.e., be + Present Participle) is progressive in aspect, as it expresses an action in progress.
A general term in phonetics which refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become more alike, or identical.
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A vowel articulated with the highest point of the tongue placed at the back of the mouth. Back vowels include /u, υ, o, ɔ, a/.
Breaking: The term ‘breaking’ describes an early OE sound change, in which front vowels diphthongized before certain back consonants, namely before /r/ or /l/ + following consonant and before the velar fricative /x/ (=<h>).
Borrowing: A term used in comparative and historical linguistics to refer to a linguistic form taken over by one language or dialect from another; such borrowings are usually known as ‘loan words’ (e.g. restaurant, chagrin, which have come into English from French), and several types have been recognized.
Refers to inflections, or grammatical forms, of pronouns, nouns, and
adjectives to denote their syntactic functions within the clause. OE had at least four cases. Nominative and Accusative were cases for the subject and direct object of a clause, respectively. The Dative case was most typically used for indirect objects, the Genitive was typically a case to denote possession. The 5th case was Instrumental.
Clause: A syntactic unit that contains at least a subject and a verb: e.g., She spoke. Cluster (consonant cluster): Two or more consonants occurring together: e.g., ‘cl’ in clever or ‘str’ in street. The term is used to refer to any sequence of adjacent consonants, especially those occurring initially or finally in a syllable, such as the initial ‘br’of bread, or the final ‘st’ of best.
Cognate: Having a common linguistic ancestor. Cognate languages have derived from a shared parent language: e.g., English and German from ProtoGermanic. Cognate words derive from an earlier single word or word element: e.g., the English eight and the Latin octo from IE oktō(u).
The method used in comparative philology. The technique involves comparing cognate forms from genetically related languages (such as those of the Indo-European family) with a view to reconstructing the proto-language from which all others can be taken to have derived. Such a
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Diachronic: Pertaining to historical dimensions of language: e.g., linguistic change over the course of time. Cf. synchronic.
Old English dialects include Anglian (which consists of
Northumbrian and Mercian), Kentish, and West Saxon. From the late tenth century onwards, late West Saxon was widely used as a written standard. Middle English dialects are conventionally identified by the regions like Northern, Midlands, and Southern, although they comprised a continuum with many more varieties. The dialect of London, which evolved in stages during the late Middle English period, became a privilege dialect on which the standard form for ModE was based.
Digraph: The combination of two letters to represent a single sound, to signify one phoneme, as in the ‘th’ of this.
Vowel sounds that are made up of two distinct sounds joined together, produced by having one sound gliding into another, as the sound [~s] in the modern English word house).
Disyllabic: Consisting of two syllables: e.g., e-cho and be-lieve are disyllabic words. A word is monosyllabic when having only one syllable (e.g., bid, stretch) or trisyllabic when having three syllables (e.g., un-der-stand, com-pa-ny).
Early New English (ENE): The language that emerged as English national
language at the beginning of the Great Vowel shift, roughly in the middle of the 15th century and was spoken during the time necessary for the completion of the Great Vowel Shift (15th – 16th centuries).
Ending: Also called grammatical suffixes, endings or inflections are groups of letters attached to the ends of words to indicate the grammatical relationships.
Family: A term used in historical linguistic studies to characterize a genetic
model of the relationships between languages. A ‘family’ of languages is the set of languages deriving from a common ancestor, or ‘parent’, e.g. the IndoEuropean (IE) family consists of the ‘daughter’ languages Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, etc., which all developed out of Indo-European (IE). Groupings within a
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family may be referred to as sub-families (e.g. the Romance sub-family within the Italic family). The family tree is a representation of these relationships devised by comparative philologists in the nineteenth century.
Family tree: A model of language development common in the last century (the term derives from August Schleicher) which sees languages as splitting further in a manner reminiscent of genetic relationships.
Francophone: French-speaking, having French as a first or main language, usually pertaining to a person or a region in a colonial or post-colonial setting. A Francophone is a French-speaking person typically in Canada.
Fricative: A consonant having audible friction produced by forcing air through a constricted part in the mouth: e.g., /f, v, s, z, θ, ð/.
Front vowel: A vowel articulated with the highest point of the tongue placed at the front of the mouth. Front vowels include /i, e, ε, æ/.
Gender: Syntactically and morphologically relevant classification of nouns,
present in Old English (as in modern German and French) but lost in modern English. The gender to which an animate noun belongs may be determined by sex, but for most nouns in Old English gender (namely, masculine, feminine, or neuter) was grammatical, not directly related to natural genders.
Germanic: A branch of the Indo-European family to which English belongs.
English is a member of the West Germanic division, together with German, Dutch, etc. The other two divisions are North Germanic (e.g., Danish,
Norwegian) and East Germanic (e.g., Gothic).
Great Vowel Shift: The systematic shift in the pronunciation of stressed, long vowels in English, which occurred from the middle of the fifteenth century to the middle of the sixteenth century in England and which permanently changed the pronunciation of the English language. It effectively marks the shift from Middle English to Modern English.