- •In nothing do men more nearly approach the gods than in giving health to men. Cicero lead-in
- •2. A) You are going to read an extract from “Citadel” by a. Cronin. Before you start reading, make sure you can read and understand the following:
- •3. A) Read the biography of a. J. Cronin and focus on the three main points:
- •Language focus
- •4. Read the following text and fill in the gaps using articles a, an, the where necessary. Consult the table in your grammar book (fce Use of English, p. 148-149).
- •5. Complete the following text with can, can’t, may, might, should, need. The first one is given as an example.
- •6. Choose the sentence a or b that is closest in meaning to the sentence given. The first one has been done for you.
- •7. A) Match each sentence (a and b) in the pairs below with its meaning. Do it in letters and figures.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •8. A) Do the crossword “In the Hospital.”
- •9. Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct word from the box.
- •10. Seven people are talking about their medical experiences. Complete the spaces. The first letter of each space is given.
- •11. A) To be ready to translate some sentences into English look through the topical vocabulary in the box below.
- •Variant 1
- •Variant 2
- •Variant 3
- •12. Choose one of the statements and agree or disagree with it. Motivate your answer in 5 sentences. Do it in written form.
- •Appendix 2
- •1. A) Read the text about the history of dieting. Paragraphs a-I are in the wrong order. Decide on the correct order for the paragraphs, and write the letter next to the number below.
- •2. A) Read the text about younger plastic surgery and pay special attention to its problems.
- •3. A) Read the text and pay special attention on the key tips for avoiding a cold.
- •4. A) Read the letter of complaint written to a pharmaceutical company. Take notes putting them in the flow diagram given below. The first one has been done for you as an example.
- •5. A) Read the dialogue below and pay attention to the ways of making an appointment on the phone. Before reading make sure you understand the following word-combinations:
Appendix 2
1. A) Read the text about the history of dieting. Paragraphs a-I are in the wrong order. Decide on the correct order for the paragraphs, and write the letter next to the number below.
1._______ 4. _______ 7. _________
2._______ 5._______ 8. _________
3._______ 6. _______ 9. _________
A. This measurement he created can be seen as the start of modern food science and dieting. Since then, knowledge has come quickly - some people say too quickly!
B. It has taken a long time to find out exactly what these are. Once people were able to build boats that would withstand voyages on the ocean, sailors started getting (and dying from) a mysterious disease called scurvy, which had not been known before. But, it was not at all clear to anyone that it was a lack of something in the food the sailors ate that caused the problem. Today, we know that Vitamin C is the reason.
C. When did it all start? It is said that in the year 1087, William the Conqueror (who became King of England after his success at the Battle of Hastings) found he could no longer ride his horse because he was too fat. He reportedly refused to get out of bed, and began drinking alcohol instead of eating food in an attempt to lose weight. If this story is true, it may be the first recorded instance of someone changing food intake in order to reduce their bulk.
D. Although the discovery helped their lives, there was much more that wasn't known. Before the late 1800s, no one understood why some people got fat and others didn't, except that it might relate to sin or serious disease. No one knew what to do about it, or what might help.
E. Unfortunately, we have no record of what success King William's alcoholic 'liquid diet' might have had. Since King William's death, there have been many hundreds, perhaps thousands, of diet plans and diet theories. But no one has had any real understanding of the relationships between eating and gaining or losing weight.
F. But for the most part, when the word 'diet' is used, it is in relation to losing weight. And weight loss diets are Big Box Office! Some ten years ago Americans were spending nearly 30 billion dollars on books, video tapes, nutritional aides, reducing salons, and other diet-related goods and services. Today, we spend much, much more. And dieting has a long history.
G. There are diets for those who wish to avoid certain chemicals in foods, such as a salt-free diet or a lactose-free diet. There are diets to increase the consumption of certain nutrients, such as a high-potassium diet. There are even diets designed to encourage weight gain - an amazing thought, in itself.
H. Then in the 1890s, chemist Wilbur Atwater began to study how foods were made up of nutritional components, specifically proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. He developed the idea of measuring the heat value of each of the groups by burning the nutritional components and measuring the amount of heat they gave off. Each amount of heat that raised the temperature of one gram of water by one degree centigrade he called a calorie.
I. We are all so used to the idea of diets, that it is hard to believe there was ever a time when the "D word" wasn't on everyone's lips from morning to night. The word 'diet' actually means "those things that are customarily eaten," but when we speak of diets nowadays, we are usually referring to a food regime designed to change something.
b). Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). Do it in figures and letters.
1. The meaning of the word “diet” has changed.
2. Before the discovery of vitamin C, sailors used to suffer more from seasickness.
3. William the Conqueror tried losing weight by staying in bed and drinking alcohol.
4. Before the beginning of modern food science, nobody understood why some people gained weight while other didn’t.
5. For most people, keeping to a diet is related to weight loss.
6. Dieting is a very modern phenomenon.
7. Some diets help people put on weight.
8. Wilbur Atwater introduced a new measurement for weight.
9. Modern food science started with discovery of vitamin C.
c) Correct the false statements.