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II семестр

Speak about Civil Law and Common Law as law systems.

Speak about legal professions in Russia.

Speak about the main law areas.

What actions are considered smuggling? In what way are people punished for smuggling?

Why do people smuggle? What are the methods of smuggling nowadays?

Speak about methods of detecting contraband.

Speak about personal search.

Приложение №1

Грамматический справочник

СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА

Начало формы

 

 

SIMPLE

PROGRESSIVE

PERFECT

PERFECT

PROGRESSIVE

1. Обычное, закономерное, периодически повторяющееся действие, которое происходит, происходило или будет происходить в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем. Точный момент времени не определен.

2. Констатация факта.

Длительное действие, которое происходит, происходило, или будет происходить в точно указанный момент в прошлом, настоящем либо будущем. Все времена этой группы выражают незаконченное действие, и , переводятся глаголом несовершенного вида (делал, но не сделал).

Действие, которое свершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем или прошедшем, либо свершится к определенному моменту в будущем.

Present: на грани прошедшего и будущего.

Действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся до настоящего, прошедшего либо будущего момента речи, включая его. Редко используются в реальной жизни.

PAST

+

S + Ved/2

S + was/were + Ving

S + had + Ved/3

S + had been + Ving

?

did + S + V1?

was/were + S + Ving?

had + S + Ved/3?

 

-

S + did not + V1?

S + wasn’t/weren’t + Ving.

S + hadn’t + Ved/3?

 

 

yesterday, last year/month/week

at, when, while, at 2 o’clock

by-к, before

 

 

Событие в прошлом: I ate frogs when I was in France. Я ел лягушек когда был во Франции;

Речь идет о событии в прошлом: I lost my key a minute ago. Я потерял мой ключ минуту назад.

What did he do last night?

Действие, происходившее в определенный момент в прошлом: I was writing a letter at 7 o’clock yesterday. Я писал письмо в 7 часов вчера;

Действие, происходившее в тот момент когда произошло другое действие:

He was writing a letter, when I entered the room. Он писал письмо когда я вошел в комнату;

Параллельные действия в прошлом: While I was writing a letter, he was looking through the paper.Пока я писал письмо, он просматривал газету.

Основное значение — действие, завершившееся до определенного момента в прошлом:

I had written a letter by 7 o’clock. Я написал письмо к 7 часам.

I had written a letter to my sister before he came Я написал письмо моей сестре до того как он пришел.

Длительное действие, которое началось до указанного момента в прошлом (when) и продолжалось до этого момента (только с динамичными глаголами, а со статичными подобные действия выражаются в Past Perfect):

I had been writing a letter for 2 hours when he came Я писал письмо уже 2 часа, когда он пришел;

I had been writing a letter since 2 o’clock when he came. Я писал письмо с 2 часов, когда он пришел.

PRESENT

+

S + V/Vs

to be + Ving

S + have/has + Ved/3

I/we/you/they + have been + Ving 3-е л. He/she/it + has been + Ving

?

do + S + V? does + S + V?

are + we/you/they + Ving? is + he/she/it + Ving? am + I + Ving?

[Вопрос] + Have + S + Ved/3

Who has ever been to the USA?

 

-

S + don’t/doesn’t + V

 

 

 

 

every day, usually, never, at first, then, after, in the morning, evening, often

now, at the moment

twice, several times, lately, recently;

yet (все-еще) – на конце предложения;

already (уже), never, just – разрывают сказуемое;

ever (когда-либо) – в вопросах, разрывает сказуемое;

since 2 o’clock, for 3 hours

 

Общеизвестные факты, неопровержимая истина; Обычное действие, регулярно повторяющееся; Ряд последовательных действий в настоящем;

Water freezes at zero. Вода замерзает при нуле.

Процесс в данный момент:

I am working now. Я работаю сейчас.

Сообщения о жизненном опыте: I have eaten frogs twice in my life. — Я ел лягушек дважды в жизни;

Сообщение новости или результата: I’ve just lost my key. — Я только что потерял мой ключ;

Сообщение о том, что началось в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор:

со статичными глаголами - I’ve known her since 1998. — Я знаю ее с 1998 года;

с динамичными глаголами - Present Perfect Progressive: I’ve been studying English since 1998.

Подчеркивается как долго продолжается действие в данный момент времени:

I have been reading since 2 o’clock. - Я читаю газету с 2 часов.

FUTURE

+

S+will+V

S + will be + Ving

S + will have + Ved/3

S + will have been + Ving 3-е л. He/she/it + has been + Ving

?

will +S+V?

will + S + be + Ving?

Will + S + have + Ved/3?

 

-

S +will not(won’t)+V?

S + will not + Ving.

S + will not(won’t) + have + Ved/3

 

 

tomorrow, next week, next month, often , every day, soon

at, when, while, tomorrow

by, before, tomorrow

 

 

Действие, относящееся к будущему, которое сопровождается придаточными предложениями времени или условия (либо время или условие подразумеваются): Tomorrow I’ll write a letter to my sister (if I have time) — Я завтра напишу письмо моей сестре(если будет время);

Повторяющееся действие в будущем: I’ll often write to my sister (when she goes abroad). — Я буду часто писать моей сестре (когда она уедет за границу);

Предсказания, прогнозы: Don’t drive so fast or you’ll crash. Не веди машину так быстро или разобьешься.

Действие, которое будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем:

I will be writing a letter at 7 o’clock. Я буду писать письмо в 7 часов;

Действие, которое будет протекать в тот момент, когда произойдет другое действие: He will be writing a letter when I come. — Он будет писать письмо , когда я приду;

Параллельные действия в будущем: I will be writing a letter and he will be looking through the newspaper. — Я буду писать письмо , a он будет просматривать газету.

Основное значение — действие, которое будет завершено до определенного момента в будущем:

I’ll have written the letter by 7 o’clock. Я напишу письмо к 7 часам;

I’ll have written the letter before he comes. Я напишу письмо до того как он придет.

She will have been writing the letter for 2 hours when he comes. Она будет писать письмо уже 2 часа, когда он придет.

Конец формы

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН АНГЛИЙСКОГО ГЛАГОЛА

Время в главном предложении

Что нужно сказать в придаточном предложении

Примеры

Simple Present

Если нужно показать то же самое время, используйте в главном предложении настоящее время Present Tense

I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers.

Для того, чтобы показать более раннее время, используйте прошлое время Past Tense

I know that I made the right choice

Для того, чтобы показать период времени, простирающийся от некоторой точки в прошлом, используйте Present Perfect Tense

They believe that have elected the right candidate

Для показа будущего действия используйте Future Tense

The President says that he will veto the bill

Simple Past

Для показа другого сложного действия в прошлом, используйте Past Tense

I wanted to go home because I missed my parents

Для показа более раннего периода, используйте Past Perfect Tense

She knew she had made the right choice.

Для утверждения какой-то истины, используйте Present Tense (исключение)

The Deists believed that the universe is like a giant clock

Present Perfect Tense или Past Perfect Tense

Для любой цели используйте Past Tense

She has grown a foot since she turned nine. The crowd had turned nasty before the sheriff returned.

Future

Для показа действия, случившегося в то же самое время, что  и в главном, используйте Present Tense

I will be so happy if they fix my car today.

Для показа более раннего действия используйте Past Tense

You will surely pass this exam if you studied hard.

Для показа будущего действия, случившегося раньше, чем действие в главном предложении, используйте Present Perfect Tense

The college will probably close its doors next summer if enrollments have not increased.

Future Perfect

Для любой цели используйте Present Perfect Tense

Most students will have taken sixty by the time they graduate.

Most students will have taken sixty by the time they have graduate.

Приложение №2

Образцы статей для реферирования

November 6, 2009 Russia Profile Weekly Experts Panel: Will Russia Bring Back Capital Punishment?

Introduced by Vladimir Frolov

Russia’s Supreme Court has filed a petition with the country’s Constitutional Court asking for a ruling on whether Russia should continue with its self-imposed moratorium on capital punishment. Russia has maintained a moratorium on capital punishment since 1999, when the Constitutional Court ruled that the death penalty should be suspended until trials by an independent jury become available in every region of Russia. Does Russia really need to reintroduce capital punishment? Why are the Russian public and political parties so strongly in favor of this cruel measure? In January of 2010 Chechnya will introduce jury trials, making it the last federation subject to introduce this regime. This effectively eliminates the legal preconditions for a countrywide moratorium on capital punishment. Abandoning capital punishment by 1999 was a condition Russia had to fulfill in order to join the Council of Europe and its institutions. Russia also signed (but failed to ratify) the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, which explicitly bans capital punishment. Reintroduction of capital punishment will put Russia on the brink of expulsion from the Council of Europe, the oldest European institution.

Today, Russian public opinion is split on whether the country needs to reintroduce capital punishment. Opinion polls show that a strong majority of Russians (63 to 70 percent) favor capital punishment and even want to expand it to a wider range of crimes. However, Russians are increasingly skeptical about the court system, with barely 38 percent saying that the courts are unbiased in their decisions, while over 45 percent do not trust the police. The Kremlin is equally uncertain about how to proceed. While he was still president, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin always spoke out against capital punishment, while President Dmitry Medvedev has not made his feelings on the matter quite clear yet.

Russia’s political parties, from United Russia to the Communist Party, strongly favor the reintroduction of capital punishment, with only a handful of liberal politicians speaking in support of the current moratorium. It is most likely that the Kremlin will seek to postpone making any decisions on this issue, sensing serious political repercussions both at home and abroad. Evidence on whether capital punishment is a strong deterrent for criminals considering serious crimes is hazy, while evidence of mistakes being made in court decisions is much stronger. Capital punishment is banned in Europe, while the United States maintains it for some federal crimes like terrorism, and certain states administer capital punishment for less serious crimes. It is widely practiced in China, where it is even used to fight corruption by government officials.

Does Russia really need to reintroduce capital punishment? Why are the Russian public and political parties so strongly in favor of this cruel measure? Is it an issue where Russia could still “join Europe,” or should it follow the American and Chinese models? Will capital punishment become a serious political issue for the Russian election cycle in 2012? Why is Vladimir Putin, the KGB hardliner and a man of the past, according to the Obama administration, against capital punishment?

El Paso's small step

Sep 24th 2009 | EL PASO

From The Economist print edition

Reform advocates want an honest and open debate on drug policy

IN JANUARY the city council in El Paso, Texas, decided to pass a resolution expressing support for its neighbour on the Mexican side of the border. In recent years Ciudad Juárez has become one of the bloodiest cities in the world, wracked by turf wars between Mexico’s vicious drug cartels. Beto O’Rourke, a young city representative, thought the resolution could say a bit more about America’s role in the violence. He added an amendment: the city of El Paso was calling for an “honest, open national debate on ending the prohibition of narcotics.”

The city council approved, on an 8-0 vote. That was unusual, says Mr O’Rourke, because normally they bicker over where to put a speed bump. But the resolution hit a speed bump of its own. The mayor vetoed it, saying that El Paso would be a laughing-stock. Silvestre Reyes, the city’s powerful representative in Congress, warned that if the council tried to override the veto it might be hard for the city to get its fair share of federal funding.

The mayor’s veto was sustained. But if the goal was to stimulate debate, the effort has not been wasted. This week the University of Texas at El Paso held a conference on the costs and consequences of America’s drug policy. Speakers pointed to the carnage in Mexico and the corruption and graft funded by a huge black market. They mentioned the hundreds of thousands of Americans in jail on minor drug offences, and the millions of children with at least one parent somehow yoked to the criminal-justice system. They spoke of the cost of enforcement, and the courts gummed up with trivial possession cases.

“To just deny that and say it’s all working—it’s morally wrong, it’s politically wrong, and some day it’s going to come back to haunt us,” said Howard Campbell, an anthropologist at the university. On the first day of the conference there were eight murders across the bridge in Juárez, including one beheading.

Around the country, various noises are suggesting that Americans are tiring of their 40-year war on drugs. In particular, people are becoming more critical of marijuana prohibition. A Zogby poll found in May that a narrow majority of Americans agreed it would be sensible to legalise marijuana so that it can be taxed and regulated. That is not a surprising result. The drug is widely available and mostly benign. Yet it is a highly profitable crop for the cartels, and in 2008 there were more than 750,000 arrests for simple possession.

Continuing the discussion will require political will, which is in short supply. Advocates of reform were heartened by Barack Obama’s choice for the head of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Gil Kerlikowske was formerly the police chief in Seattle, where marijuana is officially low on the list of priorities, and he announced that he would stop talking about a “war” on drugs. But soon after that he announced that “legalisation” was neither in his vocabulary nor that of the president.

A handful of national figures have called for a debate on legalisation, including Arnold Schwarzenegger in California and Terry Goddard, the attorney-general of Arizona. Reform advocates pin their hopes on Jim Webb, a Democratic senator from Virginia, who has called for a commission on prison reform. But compared to debating the legalisation of drugs, that was a doddle.

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по самостоятельной работе студентов и проведению практических занятий

Дисциплина: «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В СФЕРЕ ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ

(английский)»

Направление подготовки: 030900.62 «Юриспруденция»

Квалификация выпускника: бакалавр

АВТОР

Эльвира Васильевна Севостьянова

Издано в авторской редакции

Отпечатано 22.03.2013

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Российская таможенная академия. Ростовский филиал