Neutron radiation and nuclear fission
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
capture захватывать
chain reaction цепная реакция
equilibrium равновесие
fissile расщепляющийся
fuel топливо
nuclear weapons ядерное оружие
refined очищенный
sufficiently достаточно
undergo претерпевать
velocity скорость
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Neutron radiation and nuclear fission
The neutrons in reactors are generally categorized as slow (thermal) neutrons or fast neutrons depending on their energy. Thermal neutrons are similar to a gas in thermodynamic equilibrium but are easily captured by atomic nuclei and are the primary means by which elements undergo atomic transmutation.
In order to achieve an effective fission chain reaction, the neutrons produced during fission must be captured by fissionable nuclei, which then split, releasing more neutrons. In most fission reactor designs, the nuclear fuel is not sufficiently refined to be able to absorb enough fast neutrons to carry on the fission chain reaction, due to the lower cross section for higher-energy neutrons, so a neutron moderator must be introduced to slow the fast neutrons down to thermal velocities to permit sufficient absorption. Common neutron moderators include graphite, light water and heavy water. A few reactors (fast neutron reactors) and all nuclear weapons rely on fast neutrons. This requires certain changes in the design and in the required nuclear fuel. The element beryllium is particularly useful due to its ability to act as a neutron reflector or lens. This allows smaller quantities of fissile material to be used and is a primary technical development that led to the creation of neutron bombs.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How are the neutrons in reactors categorized?
2. What are thermal neutrons similar to?
3. Why must a neutron moderator be introduced?
4. What do common neutron moderators include?
5. Why is the element beryllium particularly useful?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
4. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 8
ЯДЕРНОЕ ОРУЖИЕ
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to acknowledge признавать
civilians гражданское население
detonation взрыв
explosion взрыв
fission расщепление
fusion зд. синтез
immediate death мгновенная смерть
mass destruction массового уничтожения
nuclear weapon ядерное оружие
to possess владеть
to sustain injuries получить увечье
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Nuclear weapons
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Both reactions release vast quantities of energy from relatively small amounts of matter; a modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than a thousand kilograms can produce an explosion comparable to the detonation of more than a billion kilograms of conventional high explosive. Even small nuclear devices can devastate a city. Nuclear weapons are considered weapons of mass destruction, and their use and control has been a major aspect of international policy since their debut.
In the history of warfare only two nuclear weapons have been detonated offensively, both during the closing days of World War II. The first was detonated on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device code-named “Little Boy” on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second was detonated three days later when the United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device code-named “Fat Man” on the city of Nagasaki, Japan. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people (mostly civilians) from injuries sustained from the explosion and acute radiation sickness, and even more deaths from long-term effects of (ionizing) radiation. The use of these weapons was and remains controversial.
Since the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, nuclear weapons have been detonated on over two thousand occasions for testing purposes and demonstration purposes. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons – and that acknowledge possessing such weapons – are (chronologically) the United States, the Soviet Union (succeeded as a nuclear power by Russia), the United Kingdom, France, the People’s Republic of China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Israel is also widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though it does not acknowledge having them.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Can a small nuclear device devastate a city?
2. What does a nuclear weapon derive its destructive force from?
3. How many nuclear weapons have been detonated offensively?
4. What did the bombings result in?
5. What countries are known to have detonated nuclear weapons?
6. Does Israel acknowledge possessing nuclear weapons?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3.Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 9
НАУКА
SCIENCE
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
human understanding человеческое понимание
data данные
naturalphenomena природное явление
theoreticalexplanation теоретическое объяснение
hypotheses гипотеза
prediction предположение, предсказание
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Science
Science (from the Latinscientia, meaning “knowledge” or “knowing”) is the effort todiscover, and increasehumanunderstandingof how thephysicalworldworks. Using controlled methods,scientistscollectdatain the form ofobservations, records ofobservablephysical evidenceofnaturalphenomena, and analyze thisnaturalphenomenato constructtheoreticalexplanationsof how things work.Knowledgein science is gained throughresearch. The methods of scientific research include the generation ofhypothesesabout how natural phenomena work, andexperimentationthat tests these hypotheses under controlled conditions. The outcome or product of thisempiricalscientific process is the formulation oftheorythat describes human understanding of physical processes and facilitatesprediction.
Lavoisiersays, “... the impossibility of separating thenomenclatureof a science from the science itself is owing to this, that every branch ofphysical sciencemust consist of three things: the series of facts which are the objects of the science, the ideas which represent these facts and the words by which these ideas are expressed.”
A broader modern definition of science may include the natural sciencesalong with thesocialandbehavioral sciences, as the main subdivisions of science, defining it as the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. However, other contemporary definitions still place the natural sciences, which are closely related with the physical world’s phenomena, as the only true vehicles of science.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is the definition of the word “science”?
2. How do scientists gain knowledge?
3. What methods of scientific research are mentioned in the text?
4. What does every branch of physical scienceconsist of?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
Практическое занятие 10
СУПЕРКОМПЬЮТЕРЫ
SUPERCOMPUTERS
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
Capacity мощность, способность
cluster группа
commodity товар
competitor конкурент
crash крах
decade десятилетие
to dedicate предназначать
to disappear исчезать
fluid изменчивый
to purchase покупать
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Supercomputers
A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), and led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (1985–1990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these disappeared in the mid-1990s “supercomputer market crash”.
Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by “traditional” companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience. The IBM Roadrunner, located at Los Alamos National Laboratory, is currently the fastest supercomputer in the world.
The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and today’s supercomputer tends to become tomorrow’s ordinary computer. CDC’s early machines were simply very fast scalar processors, some ten times the speed of the fastest machines offered by other companies. In the 1970s most supercomputers were dedicated to running a vector processor, and many of the newer players developed their own such processors at a lower price to enter the market. The early and mid-1980s saw machines with a modest number of vector processors working in parallel to become the standard. Typical numbers of processors were in the range of four to sixteen. In the later 1980s and 1990s, attention turned from vector processors to massive parallel processing systems with thousands of “ordinary” CPUs, some being off the shelf units and others being custom designs. Today, parallel designs are based on “off the shelf” server-class microprocessors, such as the PowerPC, Opteron, or Xeon, and most modern supercomputers are now highly-tuned computer clusters using commodity processors combined with custom interconnects.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What computer can be called a supercomputer?
2. Who was holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (1985–1990)?
3. Why is the term supercomputer rather fluid?
4. What are supercomputers today?
5. What computer is currently the fastest supercomputer in the world?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 11
ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ
TECHNOLOGY
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
tool инструмент
machine станок, машина
hardware программное обеспечение
technique технология, метод
discovery открытие
printing press печатный пресс
nuclear weapon ядерное оружие
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Technology
Technology is a broad concept that deals with an animal species’ usage and knowledge oftoolsandcrafts, and how it affects an animal species’ ability to control and adapt to itsenvironment. Technology is a term withoriginsin theGreek“technologia”, “τεχνολογία” — “techne”, “τέχνη” (“craft”) and “logia”, “λογία” (“saying”). However, a strict definition is elusive; “technology” can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines,hardwareorutensils, but can also encompass broader themes, includingsystems, methods oforganization, andtechniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include “construction technology”, “medical technology”, or “state-of-the-arttechnology”.
The human race’s use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistoricaldiscovery of the ability to controlfireincreased the available sources of food and the invention of thewheelhelped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including theprinting press, thetelephone, and theInternet, have lessened physical barriers tocommunicationand allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development ofweaponsof ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, fromclubstonuclear weapons.
Technology has affected societyand its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies(including today’sglobal economy) and has allowed the rise of aleisureclass. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known aspollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of theEarthand itsenvironment. Various implementations of technology influence thevaluesof a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion ofefficiencyin terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.
Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human conditionor worsens it.Neo-Luddism,anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, claiming that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such astranshumanismandtechno-progressivismview continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that otherprimatesand certaindolphincommunities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is the definition of the word “technology”?
2. How did people start using technology?
3. What are recent technological developments?
4. How has technology affected societyand its surroundings?
5. What do many technological processes produce?
6. What philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 12
ПЛАНЕТА ЗЕМЛЯ
THE EARTH
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to be derived from быть взятым из, происходить из
to slide across скользить через, по
conditions are right условия подходят
for intelligent life to evolve для появления разумной жизни
a liquid жидкость
a vital ingredient жизненно необходимый элемент
a powerful magnetic field мощное магнитное поле
to shield from заслонять от
an Earth's terrain земной ландшафт
a vast glacier обширный ледник
an arid desert сухая пустыня
a creature создание, вид, особь
extinction of species вымирание видов
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The Earth
The Earth is the only planet whose name isn’t derived from Greek or Roman mythology. “Earth” is derived from Old English. The Romans however, referred to the planet as Terra.
The surface of the planet is relatively young. Unlike other planets, the Earth's crust is made of plates which gradually slide across the globe. So the map of Earth is continually changing. We know that, 120 million years ago, most of the land on the planet was joined to form a super-continent known as Pangea.
Earth is the only planet in the Solar System on which conditions are right for intelligent life to evolve. The planet is the correct distance from the Sun for water to exist as a liquid, a vital ingredient for life. The Earth also has a powerful magnetic field. This, combined with the atmosphere, shields the planet from the majority of the harmful solar radiation. Earth’s terrain is the most varied of any planet of the Solar System. The poles are covered in vast glaciers of ice. Arid deserts are found near the equator. And large areas of land are dominated by vegetation. There are so many different types of creatures on Earth that they haven't all been catalogued yet. However, human actions have also caused the extinction of many species.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Name of what planet is not derived from Latin or Roman?
2. Do the plates gradually slide across the globe?
3. Is the Earth the only planet to live on or not?
4. Earth's terrain is the most varied of any planet of the Solar System, isn’t it?
5. What hasn’t been catalogued yet?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 13
СКОРОСТЬ СВЕТА
THE SPEED OF LIGHT
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to arrive прибывать
causality причинность, причинная связь
conversion трансформирование, переход
crucial решающий
instantaneous мгновенный
purpose цель
translucent просвечивающий, полупрозрачный
transparent прозрачный
wave волна
refractive преломляющий
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The speed of light
The speed of light in the vacuum of free space is an important physical constant usually denoted by the symbol c0 or simply c. The metre is defined such that the speed of light in a vacuum is exactly 299,792,458 metres per second.
The speed of light is of fundamental importance in physics. It is the speed of not just visible light, but of all electromagnetic radiation, as well as gravitation waves and anything having zero rest mass. In Einstein’s theory of relativity the speed of light plays the crucial role of a conversion factor between space and time within space time. This theory together with the principle of causality requires that no matter or information can travel faster than the speed of light.
The speed of light is so great that for many purposes it can be regarded as instantaneous. However, where long distances or accurate time measurements are involved, the finite speed of light can be important. For example, in the Global Positioning System (GPS), a GPS receiver measures its distance to satellites based on how long it takes for a radio signal to arrive from the satellite. In astronomy, distances are often measured in light-years, the distance light travels in a year (around ten trillion kilometers).
The speed of light when it passes through a transparent or translucent material medium, like glass or air, is less than its speed in a vacuum. The speed is described by the refractive index of the medium. In specially-prepared media, the speed can be tiny or even zero.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What role does the speed of light play in Einstein’s theory of relativity?
2. Can it be regarded as instantaneous?
3. How are distances measured in astronomy?
4. Can the speed be tiny, or even zero?
5. Can the finite speed of light be important?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке?
Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 14
СОЛНЦЕ
THE SUN
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
a core центр
to reach достигать
a width ширина
a solar eclipse солнечное затмение
to consume потреблять
hydrogen водород
five billion years пять миллиардов лет
an output is estimated мощность оценивается
to spin around a central axis вращаться вокруг центральной оси
rotation оборот
solid твердый
to revolve вращаться
to swap обменивать, сменяться
eruptions manifest themselves взрывы проявляются
sunspots веснушки
to collapse сжиматься, обрушаться
to restore восстановить
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The Sun
The surface of this burning ball of gas is 5500 ºC, with the core reaching 15.6 million ºC. The Sun is 1 million km in width. The best time to appreciate the majesty of the Sun from the Earth is during a solar eclipse. Then the Moon passes in front of the Sun and so it temporarily disappears from the sky.
Life on Earth is totally dependent on the energy it receives from the Sun. The Sun consumes four million tons of hydrogen every second so that our star has enough fuel to keep it shining for another five billion years. The Sun’s energy output is estimated to be 386 billion. So in 15 minutes our Sun radiates as much energy as mankind consumes in all forms during an entire year.
Just like all the planets, the Sun spins around a central axis. But this rotation is not smooth like the Earth because the Sun is not solid. So the gas at the Sun's poles revolves at a different speed to the gas at the equator. This causes the Sun's magnetic field to warp. Magnetic eruptions manifest themselves as dark 'sunspots' on the surface. Eventually the field becomes so complex that it collapses, causing the north and south poles to swap. Then the process begins again. This is known as the “solar cycle”. A complete cycle takes 22 years, after which the original north pole is restored. Maximum sunspot activity occurs during the period when the poles are in the process of switching. The last time this happened was in 2001.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When is the best time to appreciate from the Earth the majesty of the Sun?
2. The Sun consumes four million tons of hydrogen every second, doesn’t it?
3. What radiates every 15 minutes as much energy as mankind consumes in all forms during an entire year?
4. Does the Sun spin around its central axis?
5. Does the complete “solar cycle” take 22 or 25 years?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст?
Практическое занятие 15
МЕТРИЧЕСКАЯ СИСТЕМА И ЕЕ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ
METRIC SYSTEM AND ITS ORIGIN
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
dates from long ago возникла давно
as far as in еще в
universal универсальный
measure единица измерения
weight вес, масса
realize осуществлять
decimal десятичный
work out разработать
length длина
defined были определены
one fourth одна четвёртая
divide делить
equal равный
multiplied умноженный
volume объём, масса
thus таким образом
spread распространять
to address обращаться
none ни один из
simplicity простота
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Metric System and Its Origin
The idea of a universal system of measures and weights dates from long ago, but it was realized only two centuries ago. The metric or decimal system was worked out by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791. How were of the units for length and weight defined then?
Two French scientists who were given the task to define these units took one fourth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator on the geographical meridian which is running through Paris (the distance from Dunkirk in France to Barcelona in Spain) and divided it into ten million equal parts. One of these parts was called a metre or “measure”. For shorter measurements the metre was divided by ten, for longer things the metre was multiplied by tens.
It was easy to use the same metre for volume. The weight of one cubic centimetre of water was called a gramme. Thus the metric system was created.
Russian scientists played a great part in the spreading of the metric system in Russia as well as in other countries.
As far as in 1867 D.I. Mendeleyev addressed Russian scientists to help to spread the decimal system. The project of the law about the use of the metric system in Russia was also worked out by D.I. Mendeleyev.
However, till the end of the 19th century different units of measurement were used in various countries. In our country the metric system was adopted in 1918, soon after the revolution. Now it is adopted by most of the countries. None of the systems of the past can be compared in simplicity to that of our days.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When and where was the metric system worked out?
2. How did the French scientists define units?
3. How did they call the weight of one cubic centimeter?
4. Who played a great part in the spreading of the metric system?
5. When was the metric system adopted in Russia?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 16
БУДУЩЕЕ ПРОФЕССИИ «ИНЖЕНЕР»
THE FUTURE OF ENGINEERING PROFESSION
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
trend направление, тенденция
solve problems решать проблемы
apply применять
manufacture производство; производить
determine определять
location место
muscular мускульный
human-factor человеческий фактор
attract attention привлекать внимание
call in question подвергать сомнению
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The future of engineering profession
Among various recent trends in the engineering profession computerization is the most widespread. The trend in modern engineering offices is also towards computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.
Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles.
Industrial engineers work not only with the machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated more efficiently by workers. A small change in the location of machine controls or its position in relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in production increase greatly. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.
A related field of engineering, human-factors engineering, also known as ergonomics, attracted wide attention in the late 1970s and 1980s, when the safety of nuclear reactors was called in question after serious accidents caused by operator errors, design failures, and defective equipment.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is the most widespread trend in engineering profession?
2. What are computers used for in modern engineering?
3. What approaches are used in today’s engineering?
4. What is ergonomics?
5. What is your future engineering profession?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
4. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 17
ЧТО ТАКОЕ НАУКА? НАУЧНЫЙ МЕТОД
WHAT’S SCIENCE? THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов
pattern модель
to obtain получить
reliable достоверный
preliminary предварительный
testable такой, который может быть проверен
assumption предположение
to result in привести к
prediction предсказание, предположение
to perform an experiment провести/выполнить эксперимент
to confirm подтвердить
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
What’s science? The scientific method
Research starts when a scientist notices something curious, something that cannot be explained or something that goes against logic. It is often a pattern, a regular way in which something happens. In a word, he/she makes an observation that brings about a question. The question itself should be clear although it has no clear answer yet. The scientist keeps it in mind during research. In fact, the aim of research is to obtain a reliable answer to this question
Next the scientist needs to prepare to formulate a hypothesis. He/She may need to read about previous research in the area of interest, do some preliminary experiments or continue observations. Then the scientist tries to explain what caused the phenomenon. In other words, he/she formulates a hypothesis, a possible answer to the research question. It is important that the hypothesis should be testable.
Now the scientist has to decide how the hypothesis can be tested. He/She normally reasons as follows: if our assumption (the hypothesis) is right then such and such conditions will result in such and such facts, i.e. he/she makes a prediction.
To see if predicted results can be obtained, the scientist often performs an experiment which means he/she performs certain actions under certain conditions. There are other ways of testing a hypothesis: observation, logical reasoning, survey, etc. If the predicted results are obtained the scientist concludes that the hypothesis has been confirmed. If the hypothesis is confirmed repeatedly in various ways by different scientists, it becomes a theory.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is the scientific method?
2. What are the stages of the scientific method?
3. How does the scientist decide if the hypothesis can be tested?
4. What does the scientist do if his/her hypothesis has not been confirmed?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 18
НАУКА И ЖИЗНЬ
SCIENCE AND LIFE.
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to be important to world peace иметь большое значение для достижения мира
to develop создавать, развивать
to improve life улучшать жизнь
to supply with обеспечивать
to share the resources сообща пользоваться ресурсами
the Universe вселенная
to be essential иметь огромное значение
a result of advances результат достижений
to predict предсказывать
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Science and Life.
Science is important to most people living in the modern world for a number of reasons. In particular, science is important to world peace and understanding, to the understanding of technology, and to our understanding of the world.
Science is important to world peace in many ways. On one hand, scientists have helped to develop many of the modern tools of war. On the other hand, they have also helped to keep the peace through research which has improved life for people. Scientists have helped us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy; they have begun to develop a number of solutions to the energy problem – for example, using energy from the sun and from the atom. Scientists have also analyzed the world’s resources. We can begin to learn to share the resources with the knowledge provided to us by science. Science studies the Universe and how to use its possibilities for the benefit of men.
Science is also important to everyone who is affected by modern technology. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are the results of advances in technology.
The study of science also provides people with an understanding of natural worlds. Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, are continuing to study many other natural events such as storms. Scientists are also studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and developments of the human race. A basic knowledge of science is essential for everyone. It helps people to find their way in the changing world.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Why is science so important in the modern world?
2. How does science help solve the energy program?
3. What proves that the study of science is important for understanding of the natural world?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
4. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 19
МАТЕРИЯ ВО ВСЕЛЕННОЙ
MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
solid твердый
liquid жидкий
for instance например
to melt таять
to govern управлять
carbon углерод
state состояние
matter материя
shape форма
to be converted преобразоваться, трансформироваться
volume объем
thorough тщательный, подробный
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Matter in the Universe
That matter may exist in three physical states (solid, liquid and gas) is common knowledge. It is usually possible to change matter from one state to the other by changing its temperature. For instance, a piece of ice is called a solid; it may melt and form a liquid; as it evaporates, liquid water changes into a vapour, i. e. into the gaseous state.
Many kinds of matter, like water, can be obtained in each of the three states; for some, however, extraordinary means have to be used in order to produce one, or even two of the states; and for others, only two states are known or can be produced.
Common salt, for example, exists normally as a solid; at a temperature of several hundred degrees, it can be liquefied; and at still higher temperature it is converted into vapour. Carbon, a solid under normal conditions, can be vaporized, but it has never been liquefied.
Solids have both a definite volume and a definite shape. Liquids, too, have a definite volume, but they take the shape of their containers. Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. A chemist must have a thorough knowledge of the states of matter and of physical laws that govern the behaviour of matter in various states. That all matter is composed of govern molecules is known to everybody. The question which must be answered, then, is: if all matter is corn-posed of molecules, what is the essential difference between the states of matter? The answer to this question is that the essential difference between these states is the relative quantities of energy molecules possess in different states.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. How is it usually possible to change matter from one state to the other?
2. Can all kinds of matter be obtained in each of the three states?
3. What characterizes gases?
4. Why should a chemist know the states of matter?
5. What other substances besides water can be obtained in the three states?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 20
КОММУНИКАЦИЯ. СВЯЗЬ
COMMUNICATION
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
communication связь, сообщение, общение
to communicate сообщать, общаться
messenger посыльный, курьер
destination место назначения
relay переключатель, реле, трансляция
to relay передавать, транслировать
megaphone мегафон, рупор
puff клуб дыма
drum барабан
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Communication
What is communication? The dictionary defines it: “giving or exchanging information or news by speaking or writing”. In today’s world, long-distance communication is easy. We can call people on the telephone, send them telegrams, or write them letters. We receive news and other information on radio or television every day. Our modern inventions allow us to communicate with people in every part of our planet.
In early times, how did people communicate over long distances? How did they tell other people about a storm that was coming or an enemy who was planning to attack?
At first, people probably used their feet. When the people of one village wanted to send a message to someone who was far away, they gave the news to a runner. This messenger ran to the nearest village and gave the message to another runner. Then the second runner took it to a third runner, and so on.
This was a very slow method of communication, and the message didn’t always reach its destination. The messengers had to run through forests and fields, cross rivers, and climb mountains. Sometimes they met wild animals and never arrived at the next village. And the message frequently became mixed up, because each person who relayed the information changed it a little.
People used other methods of communication, too. Cyrus the Great, who founded the Persian Empire, built a series of towers. A man with a very strong voice stood on each tower. When the king wanted to send a message, he gave it to the man on the first tower, who shouted it to the man on the second tower, who relayed it to the man on the third tower. These messengers usually used megaphones, which made their voices louder.
The use of fire and smoke was another primitive way of communication. People used blankets or leafy branches to control the puffs of smoke that came from a fire. The number and size of the puffs made a kind of code. This method wasn’t very efficient in rainy days or at night, and little wind could mix up the message very badly.
A few old methods of communication are still in use today. One of these methods is the use of drums. Some drums are made of hollow logs and animal skins. When the drummer hits the drum, it makes a noise that sounds a little like human speech. Drumbeats travel quickly, but they can travel only a little way.
In 1790, a man in France invented the semaphore, which was a tall pole with “arms” at the top. Ropes moved the arms up and down to form letters of alphabet. Semaphore operators were able to relay messages very quickly. A kind of semaphore is still in use on railroads.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is communication?
2. How can we communicate with people in today’s world?
3. What were the methods of communication in early times?
4. What kind of communication did Cyrus the Great prefer?
5. What old methods of communication are still in use today?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
4. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 21
КЛОНИРОВАНИЕ
CLONING
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to stun оглушать, ошеломлять
adult взрослый, совершеннолетний
DNA ДНК
implication следствие, последствия, результаты
to draw а conclusion сделать, извлечь вывод
compelling неодолимый, неотразимый
harmful вредный, пагубный
severe жестокий, тяжелый (о болезни)
treatment обращение (с кем-л.)
sheer абсолютный, полнейший
loss трата, потеря
creature cоздание, творение
trial испытательный, пробный
nuclei ядра
to survive остаться в живых, выжить
abnormality отклонение, аномалия
identity индивидуальность, личность
uniqueness единственность, уникальность
lung анат. легкое
liver анат. печень
kidney анат. почка
via посредством чего-л., с помощью чего-л.
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Cloning
Тhе world was stunned bу the news in late February 1997 that а British embryologist named Ian Wilmut and his research team had successfully cloned а lamb named Dolly from аn adult sheep.
Тhе world media was immediately filled with heated discussions about the ethical implications of cloning. Scientists and ethicists hаvе debated the implications of human and non-human cloning extensively when scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland produced Dolly.
No direct conclusions hаvе been drawn, but compelling arguments state that cloning of both human and non-human species results in harmful physical and psychological effects оn both groups.
Many people are convinced that the cloning of any species, whether they are human or non-human, is ethically and morally wrong. Cloning of human beings would result in severe psychological effects in the cloned child, and that the cloning of nonhuman species subjects them to unethical or unmoral treatment for human needs. Тhе possible physical damage that could bе done if human cloning becamе а reality is obvious when оnе looks at the sheer loss of life that occurred before the birth of Dolly.
In addition to physical harms, there are worries about the psychological harms оn cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identity, or sense of uniqueness and individuality.
Оn the other hаnd, some people think that potential outweigh the роtеntiаl harms of cloning. Cloning would bе probably used bу infertile people. It mау provide а way for completely sterile individuals to reproduce, а valuable basic research of technologies related to rерrоduсtiоn and development.
The dilemma is very complex. The question shakes us all to our very souls. For humans to consider the cloning of оnе another forces them all to quеstiоn the very concepts of right and wrong that make them all humаn.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Why was the world stunned in late February 1997?
2. How was Dolly created?
3. What was the world media immediately filled with?
4. Why are mаnу реорlе convinced that the cloning is ethically and mоrаllу wгоng?
5. What would cloning of human beings result in?
6. How mаnу trial implants of nuclei were there? How many of them survived?
7. What are the worries about the psychological harms оn cloned human children?
8. What could cloning create?
9. What are the benefits of cloning?
10. Is human – cloning research allowed nowadays?
11. What is your opinion about cloning?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке?
Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 22
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КОСМОСА
SPACE EXPLORATION
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
overcoming преодоление
launch запускать
mankind человечество
era эра
in the course of в ходе
enumerate перечислять
former первый, бывший
latter последний
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Space exploration
Mankind always dreamed of overcoming gravitation and reaching other planets. But it was only in the 1960s that this dream was to become reality.
On the 12th of April 1961 the spaceship “Vostok” was launched into space with a man on board and after orbiting our planet successfully returned to the Earth. The first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin. This day went down in history of mankind as an outstanding achievement, opening the space era. In the course of space exploration there have been lots of achievements of world science and technologies. This period saw the launching of many earth satellites, numerous space laboratories. Among the achievements we may enumerate the landing of automatic stations on the Moon, the flights of space laboratories towards Venus and Mars.
These are the years of manned space flight programmes: Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman-cosmonaut to make a space flight, A. A. Leonov achieved the first “space walk” in 1965, the first Soviet experimental station with four cosmonauts on board went into orbit, the first American expedition landed on the Moon.
The Soviet “Lunokhod”, automatic orbital stations “Soyuz” and other space laboratories opened up a new period of space exploration. From the first experiments scientists went over to systematic exploration of space.
Recently there have been calls to reduce expenditure on space research programmes. I think it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen. There is a direct link between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies. The higher the former are the more developed the latter are.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What did mankind always dream about?
2. When did this dream become reality?
3. When was the spaceship “Vostok” launched?
4. What opened up a new period of space exploration?
5. What calls have there been recently?
6. What kind of link is there between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
4. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 23
БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ
BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
warfare война, борьба, столкновение
disease-causing organism патогенные (болезнетворные) организмы
to incapacitate делать неспособным, выводить из строя
adversary противник, враг, неприятель, соперник
biological agents биологический агент (вещество)
military purposes военные цели
deliberate хорошо обдуманный, предумышленный
to practise применять, осуществлять на практике;
repeatedly повторно, часто, неоднократно
stockpiling накопление
allies союзники, сторонники
to infect (with) заражать
water supplies поставки воды
bubonic plague бубонная чума
anthrax сибирская язва
tularemia туляримия
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Biological Weapons
Biolоgiсаl warfare is the use of аnу bacteria, virus оr other disease-causing organism оr toxin found in nature, as а weapon of war to incapacitate оr kill аn adversary.
The use of biological agents for military purposes is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took two main forms. Тhе first is deliberate poisoning of food and water with infections material and the second is the use of microorganisms, toxins оr animals, living, or dead, in а weapon system. Biological warfare has bееn practiced repeatedly throughout human history.
Modern research and production of such weapons include human experimentation оn thousands. This employment was largely viewed as ineffective due to inefficient delivery systems.
In 1972, two superpowers – the U.S.A. and the USSR – signed the Вiological and Toxic Weapons Convention, which banned development, production and stockpiling of microbes or their poisonous products except in amounts necessary for protective and peaceful research.
The main problem for those who’d like to use such weapons in military purposes, is that а biological warfare attack would take days to imрlеmеnt, аnd therefore, unlikе а nuclеаr or chemical attack, would nоt immediately stop аn аdvаnсing army. As а strategic wеароn, biological warfare is аgain militarily problematic, because unless it is used to poison еnemу сiviliаn tоwns, it is difficult to рrеvеnt the attack from sprеаding, either to allies or to the attacker, аnd а biological warfare attack invites immediate massive rеtаliаtiоn, usually in the same form.
That is why biological weapon is militarily of little use except in the context of bioterrorism. Аnd that is the main соnсеrn nоwаdауs.
The most соmmоn diseases kпоwn to bе weaponized are anthrax, Ebola, bubonic plague, cholera, tularaemia, brucellosis, Q fever etc. Natural1y-occurring toxins that саn bе used as weapons includе Riсin, SЕВ, Botulism tохin, and mаnу Мусоtохins, etc.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1.What is Biological warfare?
2. Why is biological weapons military of little use?
3. What are the most common diseases weaponize?
4. When was the creation and stockpiling of biological weapons outlawed?
5. When was the Biological and Toxic Convention signed? Who signed it?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. К какому стилю литературы относится предлагаемый текст? Обоснуйте свой выбор.
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 24
БИОРИТМЫ
BIORHYTHMS
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
flesh плоть
feature свойства
internal внутренний
obvious очевидный, заметный
identified установленный
approximately приблизительно
equal ровный, одинаковый
resistant стойкий, прочный
changeover менять местами
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Biorhythms
At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising discovery: that we аге built not just оf flesh blood but also of time. They were able to demonstrate that we all have аn internal “body clock” which regulates the rise and fall of оur body energies, making us different from one day to the next. The idea of аn internal “body clock” should not be surprising, since the lives of most living things are dominated bу the 24-hour night-and-day cycle. The most obvious feature of this cycle is the way we feel tired and fall asleep at night and bесоmе awake during the day. If the 24-hour rhythm is interrupted, most people experience unpleasant side effects. As well as the daily rhythm of sleeping and waking we also have other rhythms which last longer that оnе day and which influеnсе wide areas of оur lives.
Most of us would agree that we feel good оn some days and not so good оn others. Scientists have identified the following three biorhythmic cycles: physical, emotional аnd intellectual. Each cycle lasts approximately 28 days and each is divided into а high energy period and а low energy period of equal length. During the low energy period we аге less resistant to illness and tire morе easily. The low period puts energy into our “batteries” for the next high period. During the high energy period of а physical biorhythm we аге morе resistant to illness, better coordinated and more energetic.
The “critical” оr weakest time is the time of changeover from the high energy period to the low energy period, or vice versa. This “critical” time usually lasts а day. Оn the critical day оf a physical biorhythm, there is а greater chance of accident and illness. Human experience is always individual and we each have our own biorhythmic experiences. Some people experience enormous physical turbulence on their “physically critical” days that they have to go to bed.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What аrе Biorhythms?
2. What problems саn people have if their 24-hour rhythm is interrupted?
3. What three biorhythmic cycles have scientists identified?
4. Which is the weakest part of а cycle?
5. How long does each cycle last?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Озаглавьте каждый абзац текста так, чтобы заголовок выражал основную идею абзаца.
4. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 25
ОТ ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ К ГЛОБАЛЬНЫМ?
FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL?
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to set up основывать, открывать (дело, предприятие и т. п.)
goods товар, товары
to employ нанимать
customer заказчик, покупатель
to collapse потерпеть крах, неудачу
to manage ухитриться, умудриться, суметь сделать
to grow расти, увеличиваться
supplier поставщик
recognizable узнаваемый, распознаваемый
Задания
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
From local to global?
Setting up a business is quite a difficult process. It consists of several stages. If a company wants to produce some goods, it has to buy materials and employ workers. If the company does not have enough money to buy the materials and pay its workers, it needs to find an investor. The company also has to find customers to sell the goods to. If the company is not able to sell the produced goods, it will collapse.
If the company manages to sell the produced goods, it can pay back the investor, buy more materials and employ more workers. Thus the company can produce more goods and to give back more money to the investor.
In this way the company grows bigger and bigger. At some point the company starts to buy the materials from several suppliers and not only within its own country. It can buy materials abroad and can sell the goods to foreign customers as well. It can employ not only people of its own country, but any foreigners. To get closer to distant customers or to the suppliers, the company sets up new companies in other countries and produces the same goods there.
Gradually, the company starts to see the whole world as its customers and suppliers, and doesn't care about boundaries and nationalities. Other things are very important for the company now: 1) its product should be recognizable worldwide as the product of this company it should be the same all over the world wherever it is produced; 2) the product should be of the same quality.
This is how company gets global.
Задание №2. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What must the company do if it wants to produce some goods?
2. Why does the company need to find an investor?
3. What will happen with the company if it cannot sell produced goods?
4. Why does the company set up new companies in other countries?
5. Where should company’s product be recognizable?
Вопросы к практическому занятию.
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Составьте план текста.
3. Передайте основное содержание текста.
Практическое занятие 26
НАУКА И ЕЕ БУДУЩЕЕ
SCIENCE AND IT’S FUTURES
Теоретическая часть
Данный лексический материал предназначен для знакомства и овладения общенаучными терминами, активному использованию предлагаемых слов и словосочетаний, подготовки к чтению, переводу и обсуждению общенаучных текстов.
to be awed благоговеть
space exploration освоение космоса
curious проявлять интерес
profound глубокий
fascinating захватывающий
pervasive искаженный
to be swept up сметены
indissolubly неотделимо
to accomplish совершать, выполнять
fate судьба
survival выживание
bound up связаны
heritage наследие
essential важный, необходимый
cave пещера
Задания.
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Science and its future.
You don’t have to be a theoretical physicist to be awed by space exploration or curious about whether life exists on Mars or how Universe began. You don’t have to be a biochemist to have an interest in the fundamental processes of life. It's impossible not to be curious about such matters. Scientific knowledge and discoveries are much too interesting and profound to be left only to scientists.
Science can be fascinating. Many great discoveries of past have now, in our lifetime, culminated in the most incredible and pervasive scientific and technological revolution that could be imagined. Whether we approve of it or not, we're in that revolution and the resulting culture — unless you live in a cave. Not only is science fascinating, it matters to us because it is our life. They say that whatever road we take, our fate is indissolubly bound up with science. It is essential as a matter of simple survival for us to understand science. The more we know science, the better we understand life. It means feeling more comfortable with our everyday lives, and using science and technology to accomplish goals. Science is a part of our culture and heritage. It is of great importance for not only “ivory tower” intellectuals but for masses of average people.
Homo sapience will continue to search for the answers to new questions. We seek the unknown – the deep, the dark, the never before seen – and we have within us the capacity for ever greater wisdom.
Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. Why, in the author’s opinion , has science become a usefull, essential part of our lives?
2. What will people always search for?
3. Why does science matters to us?
4. Can you explain the meaning of the expression “ivory tower”?
5. Do you agree with author? Why?
Вопросы к практическому занятию
1. Можете ли вы сказать, о чем текст, основываясь на заголовке? Выскажите предположения.
2. Какие слова и словосочетания относятся к общенаучному стилю?
3. Изложите основное содержание текста.
Список рекомендуемой литературы
Основная литература:
1. Английский язык для инженеров / Т. Ю. Полякова, Е. В. Синявская, О. И. Тынкова, Э. С. Улановская. – М. : Высшая школа, 2004.
Дополнительная литература:
1. Англо-русский политехнический словарь / cост. Ю. Синдеев. В 2 тт. –Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2002.
2. Новый англо-русский словарь / под ред. В. К. Мюллера. – М. : Русский язык, 2000.
3. Murphy, R. Essential Grammar in Use / R. Murphy. – Сambridge University Press, 2001.
4. Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations / Editors: John Daintith, Valerie Illingworth, Elizabeth Martin, Anne Stibbs, Judy Pearsall, Sara Tulloch. – Oxford University Press, 1996.
5. Wheeler, M. The Oxford Russian Dictionary / Marcus Wheeler, Boris Unbegaun, Paul Falla. – Oxford University Press, 1997.