- •4 A/anand one
- •5 A little/a few and little/few
- •E a fear/fears,a hope/hopes,a suspicion/suspicions
- •H elder, eldest; older, oldest
- •Many and much
- •Sense: clever,foolish,idiotic*,intelligent,sensible,silly,stupid.
- •Due, due to, owing to, certain, sure, bound, confident
- •Afraid (of), ashamed (of), sorry (for or about)
- •Far, farther/farthest and further/furthest
- •Much, more, most
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Somehow,anyhow
- •Away, everywhere, here, nowhere, somewhere, there etc.
- •Always, continually, frequently,occasionally,often, once,twice,periodically,repeatedly, sometimes, usuallyetc.
- •D never, ever
- •Fairly and rather
- •Hardly, scarcely, barely
- •5 All, each, every, both, neither, either, some, any, no, none
- •Neither, either
- •Neither . . . Nor, either ... Or
- •51 Someone, somebody, something,anyone, anybody,anything,no one, nobody,nothing
- •Someone/somebody/something,anyone/anybody/anything,noone/nobody/nothing, everyone/everybody/everything and the adverbs somewhere, anywhere, nowhere,everywhere can be followed by else:
- •One . . . Another/other (s), some . . . Other (s)
- •One another and each other
- •Who,whom
- •Which,what
- •Use of they/them/theirwith neither/either, someone/everyone/no one etc.
- •A These are: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
- •Defining relative clauses
- •Relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses The forms are as follows:
- •85 Whoever, whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •Whoever,whichever, whatever,whenever, wherever, however
- •By, before
- •On time,intime,ingoodtime
- •On arrival,onarriving,onreaching,ongettingto
- •At the beginning/end, in the beginning/end, at first/at last
- •91 Time: from, since, for, during a from, since and for
- •B during and for
- •To and till/until
- •At, in; in, into; on, onto
- •In and into
- •On and onto
- •Above, over, under, below,beneath etc.
- •D beside, between,behind,in front of, opposite
- •The most important of these are above, about, across,along,before, behind,below, besides, by, down, in, near, off, on, over, past, round, since, through, under, up:
- •Am,is, are,have,had,will and would
- •11 Be, have, do
- •There is/are, there was/wereetc.
- •Can/amable,could/wasableA can and beable
- •Have to
- •15 Must,have,willandshould
- •Interrogative
- •Ifandincase
- •Agree that . . . Expresses anopinion.
- •A assume, believe, consider, feel, know, suppose, understand
- •A can,do, may, must,shall,will:
- •С feel, hear, see and watch:
- •1 With appear, happen,pretend,seem
- •D advise,allow,permit,recommend Eitneeds/requires/wants
- •D With advise,allow,permit,recommend
- •Regret,remember, forget
- •Go on, stop,try,used(to)
- •A catch/find:
- •Go, come, spend, waste,be busy a goand come
- •Speak to etc.:
- •В will/would you* (please):
- •В will/would/could you? would youliketo?
- •С if I were you I should/would:
- •29 Care, like, love, hate, prefer, wish
- •294 Care and like
- •В wouldcare andwouldlike
- •By would enjoy:
- •297 Wouldrather/soonerandprefer/would prefer
- •Wish,want andwouldlike
- •В let him/them
- •С let there be
- •Must andneedn't
- •Must not
- •С needn't
- •Besides, however,nevertheless, otherwise,so,therefore, still,yet, though
- •For and because
- •As meaningwhen/whileorbecause/since
- •As, when,whileusedto meanalthough,but,seeingthat
- •337 Incase andlest a in case
- •Be goingto:
- •These papers
- •Child up)
Speak to etc.:
/ askedto seeMrJones.
Do not put a noun/pronoun after ask, as this would change the meaning (see 243 B).
In colloquial English ask for + name etc. would also be possible, especially when reporting a telephone conversation:
CALLER: Could I speak to the secretary, please? = She asked for thesecretary/tospeakto thesecretary.
С could/might I/we requests can be preceded by do you think/
I wonder(ed)/was wondering if. These prefixes make the requests more diffident:
/ wonder/waswonderingifIcouldhavetomorrowoff?
Do you think I could speak to the secretary? Note the change from interrogative to affirmative verb (see 104).
Requests with could/will/would you etc. For starred forms, see К below.
A could you* is a very useful request form:
Couldyoupleaseshowmetheway?
possibly can be added to show that the speaker is asking for something extra:
Couldyoupossibly lendme£500?
couldn't expresses the speaker's hopes for a more favourable answer than has just been indicated:
I can't wait. ~ Couldn't you wait five minutes? you couldn't . . . could you? can be used to express a not very hopeful request:
You couldn't wait fiveminutes,couldyou?
You couldn't give me a hand with this, could you? (The speaker doesn't really expect a favourable answer in either case.)
В will/would you* (please):
Will/Would you please count your change? would you (please) has the same meaning as could you.
will you is more authoritative and therefore less polite. will/would you can be placed at the end of the phrase:
Shut the door, will you?
But this form can only be used in very friendly relaxed situations. Used otherwise, it would sound very rude.
will/would can also be used for third person requests:
Would MrsJones, passengerto Leeds,pleasecometo theEnquiry Desk?
Will anyone who saw the accident please phone thisnumber. . . ?
(police announcement)
С you'll . . . won't you? is a persuasive type of request used mainly among friends:
You'llwriteto me,won'tyou?
would you mind* + gerund (see 263): Would you mind moving your car?
perhaps you would implies confidence that the other person will perform this service. It would not be used at the beginning of a conversation or letter, but would be possible later on:
Perhaps youwouldlet meknow whenyournewstockarrives= Pleaselet meknow whenyournewstockarrives.
if you would is a useful request form. It is used in spoken English for routine-type requests which the speaker is quite sure will be obeyed: If you'd fill up this form/take a seat/wait a few minutes, (in an office) If you 'd sign the register/follow the porter, (in a hotel) just can be added to show that the action required is very easy: If you 'd just put your address on the back of the cheque, (in a shop)
would you like to . . . ? is also a possible request form: Would you like to take a seat? = Please take a seat. H I should/would be very grateful if you would is a formal request form found chiefly in letters but possible in speech:
/ should be very grateful if you would letmeknow if you have any vacancies.
I Would you be good/kind enough to keep me informed? Would you be so kind as to keep me informed?
] I wish you would can be a request form. It sometimes implies that the other person should be helping or have offered to do it (see 301): / wish you 'd give me a hand.
К Starred would and could forms may be introduced by phrases such as do you think? I wonder(ed) if, I was wondering if (see 104): Do you think you could lend me £500?
Requests with might
A you might can express a very casual request:
You might post these for me. But it can only be used in friendly relaxed situations, otherwise it would sound rude. В With a certain intonation and a strong stress on the important word
might can express a reproachful request: You might \help me with stress on help might imply 'Why aren't you helping me?/You should be
helping me'. С might can also be used with other persons to express this sort of irritation: He might \pay us! with stress on pay could mean 'We are
annoyed that he doesn't pay/hasn't paid us'. D might + perfect infinitive can express irritation at or reproach for the
non-performance of an action in the past: You might have 4old us with stress on told could mean 'You should have told us'.
Invitations
A willyouhave/would youlike+ noun:
Will you have a drink? (sometimes shortened to Have a drink.) Would you like a coffee? Note that do you want is not an invitation. (For want and would like, see 296.) In indirect speech we use offer + indirect object (= person addressed)
+ noun:
She offered mea drink/a coffee.