§ 6. Indirect otters, suggestions, and advice.

When converting offers and suggestions into indirect speech, we use the verbs to offer and to suggest. There is a difference between these two verbs, though both are rendered in Russian by 'предложить': the person who makes an offer intends to do the action himself, and the action is an act of kindness. A suggestion may also be an act of kindness, but not necessarily; the person who makes a suggestion may or may not intend to do the action himself.

He said to her, "Shall I fetch you a glass of water?" She said, "Do, please." ("No, don't trouble.")

He said to her, "Suppose we go there together?" She said, "Very well." ("No, I would rather you went alone.")

He offered to fetch her a glass of water and she accepted the offer ("declined the offer).

He suggested that they should go there together and she consented (refused).

Note. — If the verb to suggest is followed by a subordinate clause, the pre­dicate of the subordinate clause is expressed by a verb in the analytical form of the Subjunctive Mood with the auxiliary should.

Sentences expressing advice are converted into indirect speech by means of the verb to advise.

He said to them, "You had better take a taxi, you may be late."

He advised them to take a taxi, as otherwise they might be late.

§ 7. Indirect exclamations.

When exclamations are converted into indirect speech, it is not so much the verb as the adverbial modifier which shows the character of_the exclamation — whether it expresses joy, sorrow, surprise, etc.

She said, "How pleasant! Jane is going to spend a week with us!"

She said, "I am so sorry! Jane is leaving us!"

She said, "I am sure we'll never

meet again." She said to them, "I'm sure you'll

soon forget me."

She said to him, "You are telling a lie!"

She said to him, "Do you mean to say you've already read all the books?"

She cried joyfully (with joy, de­lightedly) that Jane was going to spend a week with them.

She said sadly (with deep sad­ness, sorrowfully) that Jane was leaving them.

She said regretfully she was sure they would never meet again.

She said with bitterness that she knew (was sure) they would soon forget her.

She cried indignantly (with in­dignation) that he was telling a lie.

She asked in surprise if he had really read all the books.

309

She said to him, "Excuse me for disturbing you."

She said to him, "I beg your par­don, I've forgotten to bring you the book."

She said to him, "Do forgive me for what I've done."

"Thank you for

She said to them, your help."

She apologized (to him) for disturb­ing him.

She begged his pardon for having forgotten to bring the book.

She begged his forgiveness (im­plored him to forgive her) for what she had done.

She thanked them (expressed her gratitude to them) for their help.

§ 8. Greetings and leave-taking in indirect speech.

When converting greetings and leave-taking into indirect speech, we use such verbs as to greet, to welcome, etc.

She said to them, "How do you She greeted them.

He welcomed them.

do?" He said to them, "Happy to see

He bade them good-bye. He wished them good night.

you at my place." He said to them, "Good-bye!"

He said to them, "Good night!'

Chapter XX PUNCTUATION

§ 1. The stops show the grammatical relations between words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; besides they serve to emphasize particular words and to indicate intonation. Thus the use of stops is mainly regulated by syntactical relations: the structure of the sentence (simple, compound, complex), the function of the word or word-group in a sentence or clause, the way coordinate clauses are linked, and the types of subordinate clauses.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

To separate different parts of the sentence, the following rules are observed: