§ 8. Attributive relative clauses can be restrictive and non-restrictive or descriptive.

1. An attributive relative restrictive clause restricts the meaning of the antecedent. It cannot be removed without destroying the meaning of the sentences. It is not separated by a comma from the principal clause because of its close connection with it. Attributive relative restrictive clauses are introduced by:

1. relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that, as¹);

2. relative adverbs (where, when);

3. asyndetically.

¹ As introduces attributive clauses when the demonstrative pronoun such is used in the principal clause.

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You could not but feel sympathy for a man who took so much

delight in simple things. (Maugham)

... but there is no private life which has not been determined

by a wider, public life. (Eliot)

All that could be done had been done. (Dreiser)

He sang a loud song ... such a song as the Spanish wagoneers

sing in Algeria. (Hichens)

And he is now come to that stage of life when a man like him

should enter into public affairs. (Eliot)

They spoke no more all the way back to the lodging where

Fanny and her uncle lived. (Dickens)

There was simply nothing else he could do. (Coppard)

I think my father is the best man I have ever known. (Shaw)

2. An attributive relative non-restrictive clause does not re­strict the meaning of the antecedent; it gives some additional infor­mation about it. It can be left out without destroying the meaning of the sentence. As the connection between the principal clause and the attributive non-restrictive clause is loose, they are often se­parated by a comma.

- Attributive relative non-restrictive clauses are in most cases introduced syndetically by means of:

(a) relative pronouns (who, which);

- (b) relative adverbs (where, when).

Mr. Prusty, who kept no assistant, slowly got off his stool. (Cro-

nin)

She uttered a wild scream, which in its heart-rending intensity

seemed to echo for miles. (Hardy)

He went in alone to the dining-room where the table was laid

for one. (Cronin)

The relative pronoun that is hardly ever used to introduce an attributive relative non-restrictive clause.

He had emotion, fire, longings, that were concealed behind a wall of reserve. (Dreiser)

A variant of the attributive non-restrictive clause is the continu-ative clause, whose antecedent is not one word but a whole clause. Continuative clauses are always separated from the prin­cipal clause by a comma.

A continuative clause is introduced by the relative pronoun which, rendered in Russian by the pronoun что.

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Mr. Manston was not indoors, which was a relief to her. (Hardy) But to-day ... he had slept only in snatches, which was worse than not sleeping at all. (Cronin)

For this purpose they probably lowered the bridge, which can be done quite noiselessly. (Condn Doyle)

Note.—The connection between the attributive continuative clause and the principal clause is so loose that it is doubtful whether we have here a subordinate or a coordinate' clause; it may be considered a border­line case between subordination and coordination.