Vocabulary:

undergraduate and postgraduate students – студенты и аспиранты;

to take professional development (post-graduate) courses – обучаться на курсах повышения квалификации (в аспирантуре);

tuition – обучение; деятельность учителя;

to work for their doctor's degree – работать над докторской диссертацией;

a scientific council – ученый совет;

to be closely connected – быть тесно связанным;

to solve problems – решать проблемы;

to provide safety – обеспечивать безопасность.

Exercise 6. Revise the degrees of comparison.

	Comparative degree	Superlative degree
large	larger	the largest
important	more important	the most important
good bad little mach, many	better worse less more	the best the worst the least the most

Give the degrees of comparison for the adjectives.

Small, high, low, old, new, young, fast, slow, quick, long, short, busy, happy, clever, serious, important, strong, kind, brave, attentive, beautiful, intellectual, different, attractive.

Exercise 7. Look at the table and give the general information about main transport universities of Russia. Choose the oldest (the largest, the farthest, the most famous and so on) one.

Name	Place	Foundation	Number of students	Institutes and departments	Specialities
Moscow State Transport University (Moscow State University of Railway Engineering)	Moscow, К-55, 15, Obraztsova st.	1896	100000	9	60
Petersburg State Transport University (Petersburg State Railway University)	St.Petersburg, 9, Moskovsky av.	1809	13000	9	28
Rostov State Transport University (Rostov State University of Transport Communications)	Rostov-on-Don, 2, Narodnogo Opolcheniya sq.	1929	22000	9	31
Far Eastern State Transport University	Khabarovsk, 47, Serysheva st.	1937	25000	14	45
Siberian State Transport University (Siberian State University of Transport)	Novosibirsk, 191, Kovalchuk st.	1932	9500	10	29
Omsk State Transport University	Omsk, 35, Marksa av.	1896 (Tomsk), 1961 (moved to Omsk)	13000	9	26
Ural State Transport University (Ural State University of Railway Transport)	Ekaterinburg, 66, Kolmogorova st.	1956	10000	7	30
Samara State Transport University (Samara State University of Transport)	Samara, 18, Pervy Bezymianny bystreet	1973	11000	6	16
Irkutsk State Transport University (Irkutsk State Railway University, Irkutsk State University of Railway Engineering)	Irkutsk, 15, Chernyshevskogo st.	1975	11000	6	25

Exercise 8. Compare two of the universities using the patterns.

Степень сходства	Способы выражения
Полное сходство	My profession is the same as yours. Your profession and mine are alike.
Сходство по многим признакам	This building is like a museum This student works like a skilled specialist.
Сходство по одному признаку	He has the same plans as I have. He works as good as an engineer.

Степень отличия	Способы выражения
Неопределенная степень отличия	His design differs from mine. His design is different from mine.
Незначительная степень отличия (неполная)	This problem differs somewhat from that one. This problem is a little different from that one.
Отличие по одному признаку	His work is not so difficult as mine.
Значительная степень отличия (полная)	Your plan differs from mine in many ways. Your plan is very different from mine. Your plan is entirely different from mine.

Чтобы избежать повтора существительных в предложении, используйте следующие замены:

а) существительное можно пропустить при наличии притяжательного местоимения в независимой форме или существительного в притяжательном падеже,

• This university is as large as ours.

• His plan is not so interesting as Victor`s.

б) существительное можно заменить словами-заместителями,

• This university is as large as that one.

• The building of our university is different from that of the Moscow university.

Unit 3

Exercise 1. Read the dialogue.

Education in Russia

After finishing secondary school I went on to further education. I successfully passed the Unified State Exams and became an applicant for entry. I didn`t have to take competitive examinations at the University.

Russian educational policy is a combination of economic and social objectives. There are a lot universities and colleges in Russia. They teach almost in all subject areas: Arts, Sciences, Law, Engineering, etc. Higher educational institutions are headed by Rectors. Vice-rectors are in charge of the academic and scientific work. The Departments are headed by the Deans. There are subdivisions within Departments.

Higher educational institutions train students in two types of programs.

The first way is as follows. After four years of study a university graduate will get the Bachelor`s Degree. He can continue his study for two years to take his Master's Degree. The other program provides for a diploma of the specialist after completing five years of study. In either program a student is trained in one specialization. In order to receive a university degree a student writes a graduate paper. The graduates can also continue their education and write dissertations for advanced degrees. After three years of post-graduate research work and the presentation of the dissertation it is possible to obtain the candidate degree. The next stage is the Doctor's Degree which requires much more research work and defending the Doctor`s dissertation. In Russia the process of the integration and reformation of higher education, based on principles of the Bologna Declaration, is under way. For the past several years Russian education has gained high dynamics of development in the course of global and European trends.

Vocabulary:

to go on to further education – продолжить образование;

to pass the unified state exams – сдать Единые государственные экзамены;

an applicant for entry – абитуриент;

to take competitive examinations – сдавать конкурсные экзамены;

an objective – цель;

a ratio – пропорция, соотношение;

to rank – занимать место, располагаться по рангу;

a subject area – предметная область;

to be in charge of – руководить, отвечать за;

to be headed by – возглавляться;

a subdivision – подразделение;

to complete – завершать;

the Bachelor`s Degree – степень (звание, диплом) бакалавра;

the Master's Degree – степень (звание, диплом) магистра;

to provide for – предусматривать;

a graduate paper – дипломная работа;

an advanced degree – более высокая степень;

post-graduate research work – научная (исследовательская) работа в аспирантуре;

to obtain – приобретать, получать;