5) Cause — судебный процесс, судебное дело, тяжба

legal cause — судебное дело, законное основание

major /minor cause — дело о тяжком/ малозначительном правонарушении

costs in the cause — судебные издержки, издержки в про­цессе

cause list — список дел к слушанию

side in a cause — сторона по делу

6) Controversy — гражданский судебный цроцесс, правовой спор, судебный спор

legal controversy — правовой спор; судебный спор

to decide a controversy — решить спор

party in controversy — сторона в судебном споре

7) Process — судебный процесс, процедура, порядок, производство дел, судопроизводство, процессуальные нормы

investigation process — процесс расследования

8) proceeding(s) — судебный процесс, рассмотрение дела в суде, судебное разбирательство, судебная процедура, производство по делу, судопроизводство

to take criminal proceeding(s) — возбудить уголовное пре­следование

civil proceeding(s) — гражданское производство criminal proceeding(s) — уголовное судопроизводство forfeiture proceeding(s) — процедура конфискации

Find in the list above the English equivalents for the following Russian expressions:

1. судебные издержки

2. сторона по делу

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Chapter IV. Fair Trial: the Jury

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3. тяжба

4. проиграть / выиграть судебный процесс

5. возбудить дело

TASK 5. Translate the following text into English, paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:

Формирование скамьи присяжных заседателей включает:

• составление списков присяжных заседателей,

• приглашение их в судебное заседание,

• выявление судьей объективности и непредвзятости при

рассмотрении данного дела у приглашенных в суд при­сяжных заседателей,

• использование сторонами права на мотивированный и не­ мотивированный отвод присяжных заседателей.

В результате остаются 12 основных и 2 запасных присяж­ных заседателя.

От исполнения обязанностей присяжного заседателя по кон­кретному делу председательствующий судья освобождает вся­кого, чья объективность вызывает обоснованные сомнения вследствие оказанного на это лицо незаконного воздействия, на­личия у него предвзятого мнения, знания им обстоятельств дела из непроцессуальных источников, а также по другим причинам.

ПРИСЯГА

После того, как коллегия присяжных заседателей сформиро­вана и избран их стар­шина, председатель­ствующий судья при­водит присяжных за­седателей к присяге.

"Клянусь исполнять свои обязаннос­ти честно и беспристрастно, прини­мать во внимание все рассмотрен­ные в суде доказательства, доводы, обстоятельства дела и ничего, кроме них, разрешать дело по своему внут­реннему убеждению и совести, как подобает свободному гражданину и справедливому человеку". (Россия)

TASK 6. Complete the following text using the words from the box: The Jury in Britain

criminal offence; acquitted; challenge; civil cases; convicted; disqualified; liable for; ownership of property; randomly; right of appeal; evidence; judiciary; verdict; unanimous; undertake

Trial by jury is an ancient and important feature of English

justice. Although it has declined in (except for libel

and fraud), it is the main element in criminal trials in the crown

court. Jury membership was once linked to the

, which resulted in male and middle-class

dominance. But now most categories of British residents are obliged to jury service when summoned.

Before the start of a criminal trial in the crown court, 12 jurors

are chosen from a list of some 30 names selected from

local electoral registers. They listen to the at the trial

and give their verdict on the facts, after having been isolated in a separate room for their deliberations. In England, Wales and

Northern Ireland the may be 'guilty' or 'not guilty',

the latter resulting in acquittal. Until 1967 the verdict had to be

• But now the judge will accept a majority verdict after

the jury has deliberated for more than two hours provided that, in the normal jury of 12 people, there are no more than two dissenters.

In Scotland the jury's verdict may be 'guilty', 'not guilty' or

'not proven', the accused is if either of the last two

verdicts is given. As a general rule no one may be

without corroborated evidence from at least two sources.

If the jury acquits the defendant, the prosecution has no

and the defendant cannot be tried again for the

same offence.

. Any attempt to

. Potential jurors are put

on a panel before the start of the trial. In England and Wales the

prosecution and the defence may individual jurors on

the panel, giving reasons for doing so. In Scotland the prosecution or defence may challenge up to three jurors without reason. In Northern Ireland each defendant has the right to challenge up to 12 potential jurors without giving a reason.

People between the ages of 18 and 70 (65 in Scotland) whose names appear on the electoral register, with certain exceptions,

are jury service and their names are chosen at

random. Ineligible people include, for example, judges and people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession or the police, prison or probation services. People convicted of certain offences within the previous ten years cannot serve on a jury. Anyone who has received a prison sentence of five years or more is for life.

A jury is independent of the _

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Chapter IV. Fair Trial: the Jury

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Just for Fun

Jury — a group of twelve men who, having lied to the judge about their hearing, health, and business engagements, have failed to fool him.

Henry Lewis Mencken

UNIT 4. IN THE COURTROOM

TASK 1. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

The number of the days you work as a juror and your working hours depend on the jury selection system in the county in which you live. Working hours may also be varied by the judge to accommodate witnesses coming from out of town or for other reasons.

Regardless of the length of your working day, one thing that may strike you is the amount of waiting. For example, you may have to wait a long while before you are called for a jury panel. You also may be kept waiting in the jury room during trial while the judge and the lawyers settle a question of law that has come up.

This waiting may seem like a waste of time to you and also may make it seem as if the court system isn't working very well. In reality, however, there are good reasons for the waiting you do both before and during trial.

Your having to wait before trial is important for the efficient operation of the system. Because there are many cases to be heard and because trials are expensive, judges encourage people to come to an agreement in their case before trial. These agreements, called settlements, can occur at any time, even a few minutes before the trial is scheduled to begin. This means that it is impossible to know exactly how many trials there will be on a particular day or when they will start. Jurors are kept waiting, therefore, so that they are immediately available for the next case that goes to trial.

Your waiting during trial helps assure the fairness of the proceedings. You will remember that the jurors decide the facts and that the judge decides the law. If you are sent out of the

courtroom during trial, it is probably because a legal issue has come up that must be decided before more evidence can be presented to, you. You are sent out because the judge decides that you should not hear the discussion about the law, because it might interfere with your ability to decide the facts in an impartial way. Sometimes the judge will explain why you were sent out, but sometimes he may not be able to do so. Please be assured, however, that these delays during trial, explained or not, are important to the fairness of the trial.

In any case, judges and personnel do whatever they can to minimize the waiting before and during trial. Your understanding is appreciated.

TASK 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What does a juror's working day depend on?

2. What is a settlement?

1. When and why are jurors sent out of the courtroom during trial?