Davis W.A.Radio frequency circuit design.2001
.pdfRadio Frequency Circuit Design. W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal
Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9
Radio Frequency
Circuit Design
WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING
KAI CHANG, Editor
Texas A&M University
A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume.
Radio Frequency
Circuit Design
W. ALAN DAVIS
University of Texas at Arlington
KRISHNA AGARWAL
Raytheon Systems Company
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHEIM / BRISBANE / SINGAPORE / TORONTO
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Copyright 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Davis, W. Alan.
Radio frequency circuit design / W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal. p. cm. — (Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering)
Includes index. ISBN 0-471-35052-4
1.Radio circuits — Design and construction. I. Agarwal, Krishna K. (Krishna Kumar) II. Title. III. Series.
TK6560 .D38 2001 |
|
621.381’32 — dc21 |
00-043690 |
Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated to our wives, Margaret Davis, Elisabeth Agarwal and our children:
Brent, Nathan, Janelle Davis Sareeta, Sandeep, Suneet Agarwal
Contents
Preface |
|
xiii |
1 Communication Channel |
1 |
|
1.1 |
Basic Transmitter–Receiver Configuration |
1 |
1.2 |
Information and Capacity |
3 |
1.3 |
Dependent States |
6 |
|
Problems |
8 |
|
References |
8 |
2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors |
9 |
|
2.1 |
Introduction |
9 |
2.2 |
Resistors |
9 |
2.3 |
Capacitors |
14 |
2.4 |
Inductors |
20 |
|
Problems |
31 |
|
References |
31 |
3 Impedance Matching |
33 |
|
3.1 |
Introduction |
33 |
3.2 |
The Q Factor |
33 |
3.3 |
Resonance and Bandwidth |
34 |
3.4 |
Unloaded Q |
36 |
3.5 |
L Circuit Impedance Matching |
36 |
3.6 |
Transformation Circuit |
39 |
3.7 |
T Transformation Circuit |
41 |
3.8 |
Tapped Capacitor Transformer |
42 |
3.9 |
Parallel Double-Tuned Transformer |
45 |
|
Problems |
49 |
|
References |
50 |
vii
4 Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines |
51 |
|
4.1 |
Voltage–Current Two-Port Parameters |
51 |
4.2 |
ABCD Parameters |
53 |
4.3 |
Image Impedance |
54 |
4.4 |
The Telegrapher’s Equations |
59 |
4.5 |
The Transmission Line Equation |
61 |
4.6 |
The Smith Chart |
63 |
4.7 |
Commonly Used Transmission Lines |
65 |
4.8 |
Scattering Parameters |
74 |
4.9 |
The Indefinite Admittance Matrix |
78 |
4.10 |
The Indefinite Scattering Matrix |
80 |
|
Problems |
82 |
|
References |
82 |
5 Filter Design and Approximation |
84 |
|
5.1 |
Introduction |
84 |
5.2 |
Ideal and Approximate Filter Types |
84 |
5.3 |
Transfer Function and Basic Filter Concepts |
88 |
5.4 |
Ladder Network Filters |
89 |
5.5 |
The Elliptic Filter |
94 |
5.6 |
Matching between Unequal Resistances |
95 |
|
Problems |
104 |
|
References |
104 |
6 Transmission Line Transformers |
105 |
|
6.1 |
Introduction |
105 |
6.2 |
Ideal Transmission Line Transformers |
106 |
6.3 |
Transmission Line Transformer Synthesis |
110 |
6.4 |
Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers |
111 |
6.5 |
Baluns |
115 |
6.6 |
Dividers And Combiners |
117 |
|
Problems |
121 |
|
References |
121 |
7 Class A Amplifiers |
122 |
|
7.1 |
Introduction |
122 |
7.2 |
Definition of Gain [2] |
122 |
7.3 |
Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port |
123 |
7.4 |
Power Gain Using S Parameters |
124 |
7.5 |
Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain |
127 |
7.6 |
Stability |
129 |
7.7 |
Class A Power Amplifiers |
139 |
7.8 |
Power Combining of Power Amplifiers |
141 |
|
Problems |
142 |
|
References |
143 |
8 Noise |
|
144 |
8.1 |
Sources of Noise |
144 |
8.2 |
Thermal Noise |
145 |
8.3 |
Shot Noise |
148 |
8.4 |
Noise Circuit Analysis |
149 |
8.5 |
Amplifier Noise Characterization |
151 |
8.6 |
Noise Measurement |
152 |
8.7 |
Noisy Two-Ports |
153 |
8.8 |
Two-Port Noise Figure Derivation |
154 |
8.9 |
The Fukui Noise Model for Transistors |
158 |
8.10 |
Properties of Cascaded Amplifiers |
161 |
8.11 |
Amplifier Design for Optimum Gain and Noise |
164 |
|
Problems |
166 |
|
References |
166 |
9 RF Power Amplifiers |
168 |
|
9.1 |
Transistor Configurations |
168 |
9.2 |
The Class B Amplifier |
169 |
9.3 |
The Class C Amplifier |
178 |
9.4 |
Class C Input Bias Voltage |
183 |
9.5 |
The Class D Power Amplifier |
184 |
9.6 |
The Class F Power Amplifier |
185 |
9.7 |
Feed-Forward Amplifiers |
191 |
|
Problems |
193 |
|
References |
193 |
10 Oscillators and Harmonic Generators |
195 |
|
10.1 |
Oscillator Fundamentals |
195 |
10.2 |
Feedback Theory |
197 |
10.3 |
Two-Port Oscillators with External Feedback |
197 |
10.4 |
Practical Oscillator Example |
202 |
10.5 |
Minimum Requirements of the Reflection Coefficient |
204 |
10.6 |
Common Gate (Base) Oscillators |
206 |
10.7 |
Stability of an Oscillator |
210 |
10.8 |
Injection-Locked Oscillators |
214 |
10.9 |
Harmonic Generators |
216 |
|
Problems |
221 |
|
References |
221 |
11 RF Mixers |
222 |
|
11.1 |
Nonlinear Device Characteristics |
222 |
11.2 |
Figures of Merit for Mixers |
226 |
11.3 |
Single-Ended Mixers |
227 |
11.4 |
Single-Balanced Mixers |
228 |
11.5 |
Double-Balanced Mixers |
230 |
11.6 |
Double-Balanced Transistor Mixers |
235 |
11.7 |
Spurious Response |
240 |
11.8 |
Single-Sideband Noise Figure and Noise Temperature |
243 |
|
Problems |
246 |
|
References |
246 |
12 Phase Lock Loops |
247 |
|
12.1 |
Introduction |
247 |
12.2 |
PLL Design Background |
247 |
12.3 |
PLL Applications |
248 |
12.4 |
PLL Basics |
249 |
12.5 |
Loop Design Principles |
250 |
12.6 |
PLL Components |
251 |
12.7 |
Linear Analysis of the PLL [1] |
255 |
12.8 |
Locking a Phase Lock Loop |
259 |
12.9 |
Loop Types |
261 |
12.10 |
Negative Feedback in a PLL |
263 |
12.11 |
PLL Design Equations |
264 |
12.12 |
PLL Oscillators |
270 |
12.13 |
Phase Detector Types |
271 |
12.14 |
Design Examples |
274 |
|
Problems |
277 |
|
References |
277 |
13 Emerging Technology |
278 |
|
13.1 |
Introduction |
278 |
13.2 |
Bandwidth |
280 |
13.3 |
Spectrum Conservation |
280 |
13.4 |
Mobility |
281 |
13.5 |
Wireless Internet Access |
282 |
13.6 |
Key Technologies |
283 |
|
References |
284 |
Appendixes |
|
|
A. Example of a Solenoid Design |
285 |
|
B. Analytical Spiral Inductor Model |
286 |
C. Double-Tuned Matching Circuit Example |
290 |
D. Two-Port Parameter Conversion |
292 |
E. Termination of a Transistor Port with a Load |
296 |
F. Transistor and Amplifier Formulas |
300 |
G. Transformed Frequency Domain Measurements |
|
Using Spice |
305 |
H. Single-Tone Intermodulation Distortion |
|
Suppression for Double-Balanced Mixers |
319 |
Index |
323 |