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VI. Main idea Which statement or statements best express the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices?

 1. Only W. Shockley, I. Bardeen and W. Brattain made the invention of present-day computer possible.

 2. World War II was the reason for the invention of the electronic computer.

 3. A series of great and important discoveries in the field of electronic led to the appearance of the first microchip – the main component of present-day computer.

 4. 1946 is the year in which the first general-purpose computer ENIAC was completed.

VII. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true.

T F

  1. Babbage’s ideas were put into the basis of the first electronic computer.

  2. Colossus was the first general-purpose computer.

  3. The invention of electronic valves dates back to the end of the 20th century.

  4. Valves were not reliable as the filament sooner or later burned out and electronic machines were impossible to operate.

  5. Later the filament and electrodes were replaced by integrated circuits.

  6. Only one integrated circuit can be put on a chip in today’s computers.

  7. The invention of the diode valve was very important to the development of radio, television and sound recording.

VIII. Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the line reference.

…… 1. During the same period in history, the diode valve and three-electrode mode valve were developed.

…… 2. Integrated circuitry has further changed computers.

…… 3. The invention of electronic valves opened a new page in the history of electronics.

…… 4. Two main discoveries in the field of electronics belong to American scientists.

…… 5. Colossus was a one-purpose computer.

…… 6. Today’s computers have more circuits than previous computers.

IX. Contextual reference Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to.

1. … it was built on Babbage’s principles…

2. … in which a beam of electrons…

3. … their research led to…

4. … this was invented by …

5. … and it led to microchip…

(l. 2) ………………………

(l. 12) ………………………

(l. 25) ………………………

(l. 31) ………………………

(l. 33) ………………………

X. Understanding words Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words.

1. to crack

2. large

3. investigation

4. branch

5. to produce

(l. 4) ………………………

(l. 7) ………………………

(l. 25) ………………………

(l. 26) ………………………

(l. 30) ………………………

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words.

6. single-purpose

7. beginning

8. to follow

9. large

10. to lose

(l. 6) ………………………

(l. 9) ………………………

(l. 15) ………………………

(l. 21) ………………………

(l. 23) ………………………

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