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VI. Main idea Which statement or statements best express the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate the other choices?

 1. It was Charles Babbage who built the first computer.

 2.The idea of a mechanical calculator came to Pascal’s mind spontaneously.

 3. Computers as we know them today have gone through many stages.

 4. Computers have had a very short history.

VII. Understanding the passage Decide whether the following statements are true or false (T/F) by referring to the information in the text. Then make the necessary changes so that the false statements become true.

T F

  1. Gottfried Leibniz, an English mathematician, developed a theory of binary numbers.

  2. Mechanical calculator that could add and subtract numbers was devised in the 17th century by Blaise Pascal.

  3. The first mechanical calculator performed operations with high precision but was a complete failure in terms of money.

  4. In 1694 Pascal improved his invention by making it automatic.

  5. Early calculators couldn’t store the results of the performed operations and couldn’t be given instructions.

  6. The machine, the Analytic Engine, invented by Charles Babbage was given instructions on punched cards.

  7. Babbage never realized his desires, but his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.

VIII. Locating information Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the line reference.

…… 1. The first mechanical calculator could perform only two arithmetic operations.

…… 2. Some branches of logic devised even several centuries ago are still used in modern computing.

…… 3. A successor of the Difference Engine was supposed to be programmed and to store information.

…… 4. Pascal used a telephone principle to feed numbers into his machine.

…… 5. In the 17thcentury Gottfried Leibniz perfected the mechanical calculator by adding two more arithmetic operations.

IX. Contextual reference Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to.

1. … is not a recent one

2. … similar to those on a telephone

3.… of making it automatically perform

4. … came to his mind

5… it was not completed

(1. 2) …………………………

(1. 9) …………………………

(1. 15) …………………………

(1. 23) …………………………

(l. 35) …………………………

X. Understanding words Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words.

1. to use

2. alike

3. to perfect

4. to invent

5. to finish

(l. 5) ………………………..

(l. 9) ………………………..

(l. 13) ………………………..

(l. 14) ………………………..

(l. 35) ………………………..

Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words.

  1. old

  2. different

  3. success

  4. slowly

  5. predecessor, forerunner

(l. 2) ………………………..

(l. 9) ………………………..

(l. 12) ………………………..

(l. 16) ………………………..

(l. 29) ………………………..

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