- перевод в СНТД / perevod_sfere_nt_dejat

4. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

•The system command RUN tells a computer to carry out the instructions in a program. A LIST command tells the computer to list the program lines in its memory. A NEW command clears the computer's memory.

•A REM statement, which is used to include comments in a program, does not affect the running of the program. An END statement tells the computer that it has reached the end of a program.

•You can use variables to store data in a computer's memory. Numeric variables are for storing numbers, and string variables are for storing numbers, letters, or symbols. A LET statement tells the computer to store data in a variable.

5.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words, combinations and abbreviations in Task 4 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

6.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

Variant 2

1. Make the summary.

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES

For the first time in history, there exists an observing platform which can detect atmospheric conditions long before local meteorologists relying on conventional techniques may be aware of them. This platform is the meteorological satellite, which, even in its present primitive stage, has already contributed significantly to meteorological developments through depiction of cloud systems and their interpretation for daily weather prediction, and by collecting basic physical data such as measurements of the radiative exchange between the Earth and Sun and space. Future observations will include the temperatures of cloud tops and the Earth's surface, the average temperatures of layers of the clear atmosphere, concentrations of water vapor, ozone and other properties not yet envisaged.

Man is immersed in a working fluid of a global extension – the Earth's atmosphere – a fluid, so massive that there are nearly 2 million tons of it for each person on Earth. From above, it is penetrated by energetic particles and radiations, and from beneath, deformed, restrained, heateji and cooled as it passes over the irregular Earth surface in its endless quest to equalize its energy imbalances, thus creating wind and weather. The atmosphere performs countless cycles of interrelated phenomena of every size, from global to microscopic. They are all important. For example, those actions involving water vapor – which comprises only about 0.2 per cent of the total mass of the at-

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mosphere – nevertheless have such a profound effect on our planet's heat balance that without them the mean temperature of the Earth would drop by 40 degrees Centigrade.

Meteorologists have traditionally been handicapped by having only fragmentary knowledge of what is going on in the atmosphere at any time. About a century ago, national meteorological services were established to provide forecasts to the public. As observing networks expanded geographically and in altitude, meteorologists continued their audacious attempts to predict the future state of a three-dimensional system whose initial state was inadequately known. Because of insistent public demand, the forecaster makes his daily predictions and up to a certain point is generally successful. His successes, however, are generally limited to forecasts for not more than a few days in the future and for areas in the midst of or close to a fairly dense observing network so that unknown disturbances from distant and sparsely observed regions have not had time to exert significant influence. Even so, disturbances such as severe thunderstorms can develop suddenly or slip through the mesh of observing stations.

2. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the tenseform in Passive.

1.It has been estimated that some 8,000 millions of meteors enter our atmosphere each day. 2. In Class A amplifiers the plate current flows at all times, even though no signal is being amplified. 3. The voltage change is brought about by the difference in the number of turns in the two coils.

4.This transmission of heat by the motion of the fluid against a solid is referred to as convection transfer. 5. When the rays enter the lens they are bent towards the normal, and when the rays leave the lens, they are bent away from the normal. 6. Radioactives isotopes are also being used successfully for food conservation, for the prevention of sprouting in potatoes and so on.

3.Translate the following text in written form.

A NEW APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF "GOLD LIGHT"

One of the most interesting and important data of converting one form of energy into another is that of turning power into light. The first and still the most widely used method of generating light which depends upon the phenomenon of incandescence. Another method of considerable practical importance is that of causing radiation by the passage of an electric current through gas or vapour. The third method of converting into light is called electroluminescence.

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When certain material are placed in an electric field under proper conditions, they emit light directly under the influence of the electric field. This constitutes the phenomenon of electroluminescence.

Since this is a direct transformation of electrical energy into light, a new field of study is revealed which offers great possibilities from both theoretical and practical points of view.

4. Translate and put the following sentences in the Passive Voice.

Pattern: Other factors may affect the process. The process may be affected by other factors.

1.This radiation dose may damage the cells. 2. This substance may catalyse for process. 3. The environmental factors may bring about such changes.

4.These conditions may affect the course of the reaction. 5. The structural changes may produce a marked effect. 6. This defect may account for the discrepancy in the results. 7. These organelles may accumulate energy. 8 This mechanism may involve an unknown factor. 9. Ultraviolet radiation may produce ionization.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

CONDUCTORS

Conductors are materials having a low resistance, so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.

The most common conductors are metals, and silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus, copper is widely used to produce conductors. One of the commonfunctions of wire conductors is connecting voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low resistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance.

Most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.

6. Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and word combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

Variant 3

1. Make the annotation. SEMICONDUCTORS

A transistor is an active semiconductor device with three or more electrodes. By active we mean that the transistor is capable of cuf-rent gain, volt-

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age, amplification and power gain. A transistor is an electron device in which electronic conduction takes place within a semiconductor.

A semiconductor is an electric conductor with resistivity in the range between metals and insulators, in which the electrical charge carrier concentration increases with increasing temperature over some temperature range.

The resistivities of semiconductors and insulators decrease rapidly with rising temperatures, while those of metals increase relatively slowly. Unlike metals and insulators, the resistivity of semiconductors depends upon the direction of current flow. The direction of easiest current flow or lowest resistivity is called the forward direction, the direction of restricted current flow or highest resistivity is known as the reverse or back direction.

Semiconductors, such as the elements germanium and silicon, possess two types of current carriers, namely, negative electrons and positive holes. A hole is a mobile vacancy in the electronic valence structure of a semiconductor which acts like a positive electronic charge with a positive mass.

2. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Participle I.

1. Generally speaking, a liquid having a free surface is one on whose surface there is absolutely no pressure. 2. A gram of water is proved to change exactly to a gram of ice when freezing and to a gram of water vapour when evaporating. 3. This means that a space program must be flexible and diverse, making it possible to explore completely new fields. 4. Strictly speaking, this somewhat arbitrary division may be justified taking into account an imperfect technique. 5. More or less saturated chloraparaffmes are formed, depending on the temperature of reaction. 6. However, speed and power consumption specifications for the devices can be misleading. 7. This country embracing over four millions of square miles, being thus larger than the whole of Europe, contained but about two millions of inhabitants.

3. Translate the text in written form. LONG-DISTANCE AND LOGICAL NETWORKS

When a number of computer users are linked together, they form a network. Usually, a network consists of one powerful central computer and many microcomputers or terminals. A terminal has a screen and a keyboard like a microcomputer, but it generally doesn't have its own CPU. It cannot process data; it can only send and receive data. (That's why it is sometimes called a "dumb" terminal.) Microcomputers or terminals that are "networked" together can share the mainframe's computing power and its vast memory.

Such electronic networks have become very common. However, not all networks use telephone lines for computer communications. Modems and

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phone lines are great for long-distance connections, but what if the computers to be linked are very near each other? Then they can be joined into what is known as a local-area network (LAN, for short).

Local-area networks connect their computers or terminals directly by means of cables or wires. The computers or terminals are usually located in the same building or even the same room. Such an arrangement is popular in business offices.

4. Translate the given abstract into Russian. LIGHTWEIGHT POWER

VLSI and ULSI chips make computer power extremely easy to cany around. By the year 2020 computers as powerful as today's mainframes may be no bigger than a pocket calculator.

What does the small size of computer chips mean for people? What kinds of things will it make possible? For one thing, just about everybody will be able to afford a computer of some kind. The amount of raw material that goes into making a VLSI or ULSI chip is about the same as that in a smaller-capacity chip.

Superchips containing hundreds of thousands and even millions of electrical connections are the engines of today's and tomorrow's computers.

The small size of superchips will make it possible for everyone to have a personalized identification chip that can be worn in a wristwatch or ring, or on a card. This ID chip will help make the cashless society possible.

Superchips will make it possible to store books on a chip and to greatly reduce the size of libraries.

5.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words, combinations and abbreviations in Task 4 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

6.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

Variant 4

1. Make the summary.

FUTURE SPACE TRAFFIC

By the end of last century there were certainly more than 10,000 earth, lunar and other planetary satellites. Many were for research, many for communication purposes, their sizes being different, from a few feet to thousands of feet in diameter. Most are automatic, unmanned ones, others are manned. Orbiting observatories will be "stationed" 22,238 miles above the equator. Seen from the Earth, they will seem stationary as they travel at about 6,882

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miles per hour, which compares to the surface speed of 1,000 miles an hour at which the Earth revolves. Equipped with light amplifiers three such observatories, spaced at equal distances over the equator, can directly view and photograph any part of any country (except the polar regions) and locate any intercontinental missiles when launched, cloud formation and cyclones. All space observatories are expected to be equipped with most modern and sensitive Infrared receiving equipment. By the end of this century all spaceships and satellites will certain be propelled by atomic power. Will not there be many collisions in space between these tens of thousands of spaceships, satellites, observatories, and other types of spacecraft? Not at all. Future space traffic will be dispersed into millions of mites. All space vehicles of the future will descend vertically into rather small spaces, many flights coming to an end on the top of city skyscrapers, just as helicopters do now.

Will not our communications spectrum be overloaded with all this tremendous traffic between the Earth and tens of thousands of satellites, observatories, spaceships to and from the planets? Fortunately not. There is sufficient room in the radio-frequency spectrum to accommodate 300,000 separate communications simultaneously. Probably, when thousands of interplanetary spaceships are in space they will not communicate directly with the Earth. There will be an interplanetary communication centre on the airless Moon.

2. Translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to the Participle II.

1. The characteristics of the components so far considered can be presented by the following scheme. 2. The recent talks resulted in the agreement just signed. 3. The same encoded picture used to generate Fig. 8 was analyzed using a balanced correlation procedure to produce Fig. 9. 4. Historical records show that a given region may undergo a spasm of activity followed by a lull of two or more centuries. 5. In this section we establish that, based on a stability assumption, these solutions exist and are unique in the mean absolute sense. 6. Based on a stage-by-stage schedule, the program embraces different fields of space research and exploration. 7. The data obtained outweighed those that we had had before. 8. At the end of the day, reports on all completed analyses can be provided, including the number of tests run that day, the amount of time required for those tests, and the number of samples completed. 9. As indicated, these similarities and differences will be explored in some detail. 10. Stated differently, the purpose of the present work is to explore the so far developed related theory and to stimulate attention on some connected still open questions. 11. The feasibility of this system depends on

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several related factors. 12. All things considered, the meeting maybe declared closed.

3. Translate the following text in written form. HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Computers have evolved over hundreds of years. The modern computer is the product of many people's ideas blended over time. This process of development is still going on.

Punched cards and electricity helped technology advance from mechanical to electronic calculating machines.

Improvements in electronic circuitry made possible increasingly powerful computers. First-generation, vacuum-tube computers gave way to secondgeneration, transistor-powered computers. Third-generation computers used tiny silicon chips engraved with integrated circuits. Then fourth-generation computers were built using large-scale integrated circuits – thousands of ICs squeezed onto single chips. Soon, one superchip will hold millions of ICs.

Computers became more powerful, smaller, and easier to use. If the current trend continues, computers will play an increasingly important role in our lives.

Computers are versatile electronic tools that can store information arid instructions and process data with remarkable speed and reliability.

Unlike other tools and machines, computers allow for interactive, or two-way, communication.

Analog computers calculate by measuring the continuous change in some physical quality Digital computers calculate by counting numbers.

Mainframe computers are large, powerful, and expensive. Minicomputers are smaller than mainframes and not as powerful.

4. Translate the given abstract in Russian. TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Exactly how do computers "talk" to each other? Basically, there are two ways: computers can be linked by telephone, or they can be connected by cables and wires. Let's look at both methods and see how they work.

Telecommunications isn't new. The telegraph was invented some one hundred and fifty years ago. And it was more than a century ago, in 1876, that Alexander Graham Bell showed that electrical signals could be used to send spoken words by telephone. What is relatively new is the marriage of telephone and computer technologies.

Nowadays, the term telecommunications is commonly used to mean the sending of data from one computer to another through telephone lines. Often, such data transmission is called telecomputing. The data may be words,

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tones. One of the biggest problems is to "tame" overtones in transistor generators, that is where they are most, necessary. The frequency "ceiling" for them is usually 100 mcps. The generator used, for instance, in die instrumentation of the US artificial Earth satellites "Vanguard" and "Explorer", had frequency of 108 mcps (millions of cycles – мегагерц = 106 – per second).

2. Define the Absolute Participle Construction and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The temperature being raised, the kinetic energy is increased. 2. The evaporation increases with the temperature, other things being equal. 3. A new technique having been worked out, the yields rose. 4. With the isomerization preceding the reaction, the yields were very low. 5. A very basic syntax is used with assembler language, with each line of coding being composed of two basic files. 6. There being an admixture in the parent compound, the overall yield proved to be low. 7. The reaction must have taken place, with the data showing a change in the infrared region. 8. Eq. (22) is simply a rearrangement of Eq. (20), with summation substituted for integration. 9. Several extensions of the basic model having been made, we shall pursue the dynamic programming approach. 10. With the structure of various companies being different, the model is often inadequate in each particular case. 11. With the question of representing information settled, the major design question becomes one of logic operations. 12. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied mathematics, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 13. However, by this means forty-two schools were established by 1722, the principal subjects taught being arithmetic and geometry. 14. The session was over, with many aspects of the problem left unsolved. 15. Computers are considered as the answer to automatic production with the other problems treated as peripheral in nature. 16. All factors considered, we believe that the mechanism is the most likely.

3. Translate the Introduction of the article.

MECHANICAL PRESTRESSING IMPROVES ELECTRICAL

STRENGTH

There is nothing original in the proposition that mechanical stress has a controlling influence on the propagation of electrical trees in insulating materials. Over a quarter of a century ago, Billing and Groves and later Arbab and Auckland were discussing the effect of externally applied mechanical stresses

– for example by bending – on tree growth. In a simple bending experiment, it is immediately obvious that tree growth is accelerated in regions of tensile stress and retarded where compressive stress is present. The effect of internal stresses on electrical tree growth, determined by photo-elastic techniques,

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was also reported by Champion, et al. and David, et al. in 1992 and 1994, respectively. Whereas the above were concerned with laboratory specimens, similar conclusions have also been drawn from more practical applications, such as in cables, in numerous publications from Densley in 1979 through to Ildstad and Hagen in 1992.

The theoretical analysis of the mechanical aspects of tree growth began with Zeller, et al., who attributed the growth of filamentary cracks to electrostatic forces, a process they named electrofracture. This theoretical approach has been developed subsequently by Hikata, et al. and Fothergill.

On the basis of this approach to an understanding of the physical processes, there is a strong temptation to interpret electrical tree growth in terms of fracture mechanics, but the analogy must not be pushed too far. Certainly, it is possible to draw a direct correlation between treeing characteristics and the mechanical properties of insulating materials. A preliminary study of tree inception and growth in materials of greatly differing mechanical properties revealed that the mechanical characteristics of the material were paramount. It was proposed that the residual mechanical stress developed under alternating voltage application produced fatigue cracking in the inception phase. Since crack formation is determined by, among other things, tensile strength, it followed that this parameter would influence the tree initiation time. This view was supported by measurements of the tree inception times of polyester resin and an elastomer (PL-3). The tree inception time in the elastomer was less than 30 % that of the polyester resin, which had a tensile strength five times greater than that of the elastomer.

4. Define the functions of the Gerund and translate the sentences.

1. Не avoids being involved in such affairs. 2. He avoided having been involved in that affair. 3. We are interested in the test being curried out repeatedly. 4. The problem deserves being discussed at the session. 5. The problem deserves having been discussed at that session. 6. We rely on the experiment having been conducted correctly. 7. He is responsible for the program not having been corrected in time. 8. The mistake resulted from the device not having been mended before the test. 9. We object to the meeting being postponed.

5. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The buildup of internal tensile stress due to the alternating electrostatic forces, as well as leading to crack formation and tree initiation, will also increase the material's propensity for tree growth. It follows that tree growth in elastic materials may be less rapid than in inelastic materials, since the former will not suffer from long-term mechanical stress buildup. Thus, a material's modulus of elasticity could provide a measure of its resistance to tree growth. This was confirmed by a comparison between PL-3 and polyester

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