m07-183
.pdfɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ K-ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ L-ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ KĮ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ) ɢɥɢ ɫ M-ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Kȕ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ K- ɫɟɪɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ L-ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ L-ɫɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɤɚɧɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɚɬɨɦɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɥɟɬɹɳɢɣ ɤ ɚɧɨɞɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɜɵɛɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɟɝɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫ ɹɞɪɨɦ.
Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ K-ɫɟɪɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ IĮ1 : IĮ2 : Iȕ1 = 100 : 50 : 20.
ɉɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɆȺɊ). ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɡɨɧɞɨɜɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ» ɢɥɢ «ɦɢɤɪɨɡɨɧɞ». Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚɯ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (0,5–5 ɦɤɦ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ 0,01–5 ɦɤɦ ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ), ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,01–0,5 %) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɦɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ (ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɲɤɚ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɡɵ); ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɚɦ ɜɨɥɧ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɦ; ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɡɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ, ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ).
Ɋɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ, ɝɞɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɚɦ ɜɨɥɧ.
ɉɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ (ɉɉȾ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ɋɢɝɧɚɥ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
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ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ (~150 ɷȼ). Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (z = 10–83) ɩɨ K-ɫɟɪɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɯɭɠɟɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨɝɨɫɩɨɦɨɳɶɸɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ(~10 ɷȼ).
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ. ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɉɉȾ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦ ɧɨɦɟɪɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɮɬɨɪɚ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɉȾ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ-ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɧɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ. ɂɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɜɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Cχ C0 |
I |
, |
(5.1) |
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I0 |
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ɝɞɟ C', ɋ0 – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ;
I, I0 – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɂɫɬɢɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɪɚɜɧɚ:
Cχ C0 |
F |
, |
(5.2) |
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|||
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F0 |
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ɝɞɟ F, F0 – ɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
F=Fa×Fɜ×FF×Ff×Fs ,
ɝɞɟ Fa – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ;
Fɜ – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ;
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FF – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ;
Ff – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɮɥɭɨɪɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ;
Fs – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɭɱɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ 10 ɧɦ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩ ɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ – ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɊɗɆ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚɯ ɜ ɆȺɊ.
5.1.3. Ɋɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ȼɭɥɶɮɚ–Ȼɪɷɝɝɚ :
2dhkl×sin4 = nΟ, (5.3)
ɝɞɟ dhkl – ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ; 4 – ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ;
Ο – ɞɥɢɧɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ; n – ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ;
h, k, l – ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ. Ɂɧɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɡɭ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ 4 ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ:
1.ɋɴɟɦɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ (ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɦ) ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ (ɦɟɬɨɞ Ʌɚɭɷ).
2.ɋɴɟɦɤɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ (ɤɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ) ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɜ
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɭɱɤɟ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ).
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3. ɋɴɟɦɤɚ |
ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ |
ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ |
ɜ |
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ |
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ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɫɹ |
ɩɭɱɤɟ |
ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ |
(ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) |
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ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɦɟɬɨɞ Ʉɨɫɫɟɥɹ). |
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4. ɋɴɟɦɤɚ |
ɩɨɥɢɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɪɨɲɤɚ) ɜ |
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ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɦ |
ɩɭɱɤɟ |
ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ |
(ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) |
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ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ⱦɟɛɚɹ–ɒɟɪɟɪɚ).
ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɧɤɭ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɥɭɱɚɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ, ɤɪɟɩɹɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɫɜɟɬɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɫɫɟɬɟ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɚ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ – ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɤɜɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɫɴɟɦɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ – ɞɢɮɪɚɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ. Ɂɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ Ⱦɟɛɚɹ– ɒɟɪɟɪɚ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɮɚɡɵ, ɢ ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɧɨɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ. Ɉɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ: ɄĮ1 ɢ ɄĮ2. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɥɢɧɚɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɥɧ. ɉɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ 4C ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
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ɝɞɟ Inti – ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ (ɢɦɩ./ɫ); Fi – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɮɨɧɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ;
Ĭi – ɭɝɨɥ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ.
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ȼ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ȼɭɥɶɮɚ–Ȼɪɷɝɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
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ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɜ ɞɭɛɥɟɬ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ, ɦɟɠɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ ɄĮ1 ɢ ɄĮ2.
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɝɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɭɝɥɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ.
5.2.Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
5.2.1.ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ E0 ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 4). Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ (4.6) ɢ (4.8).
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɤɚ (e = 1,60 10-19 Ʉɥ – ɡɚɪɹɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ), ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɤɚ n, ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ u:
ς = enu. |
(5.6) |
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɡɨɧɞɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɫɯɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 32.
ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɤɚ I ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɪɰɟɜɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ (1,2) ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɨɧɞɚɦɢ (3,4) ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ U. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ R ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɚɥɶɜɚɧɨɦɟɬɪ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ.
ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɦ: U = RI, ɞɚɥɟɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ: |
|
ς = LI/SU, |
(5.7) |
ɝɞɟ L – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɨɧɞɚɦɢ; |
S – ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. |
55
R
Ƚ
3
L 
4
1 
2
A
Ɋɢɫ. 32. Ʉɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯɡɨɧɞɨɜɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ
ȼɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɟɥɨ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ȼɚɧ ɞɟɪ ɉɚɭ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
ȼɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ (ɪɢɫ. 33) ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ – A, B, C ɢ D:
Ɋɢɫ. 33. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ȼɚɧ ɞɟɪ ɉɚɭ
ɂɡɦɟɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ: RABCD = UCD/IAB ɢ RBCDA = UDA/IBC.
56
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
1/ς = (Σ/ln2)[ (RABCD + RBCDA )/2] (RABCD /RBCDA) f d, |
(5.8) |
ɝɞɟ, d – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ (ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ);
f – ɬɚɛɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ RABCD /RBCDA (ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6).
|
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɤ f(RABCD /RBCDA) |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6 |
||||
|
|
|
||||
RABCD/RBCDA |
f |
RABCD/RBCDA |
f |
RABCD/RBCDA |
|
f |
1,0 |
1,000 |
6,0 |
0,815 |
30 |
|
0,545 |
1,2 |
0,995 |
6,5 |
0,800 |
35 |
|
0,520 |
1,4 |
0,990 |
7,0 |
0,790 |
40 |
|
0,500 |
1,6 |
0,985 |
7,5 |
0,775 |
45 |
|
0,485 |
1,8 |
0,975 |
8,0 |
0,765 |
50 |
|
0,475 |
2,0 |
0,970 |
8,5 |
0,757 |
55 |
|
0,465 |
2,2 |
0,963 |
9,0 |
0,747 |
60 |
|
0,455 |
2,4 |
0,955 |
9,5 |
0,740 |
70 |
|
0,440 |
2,6 |
0,945 |
10 |
0,730 |
80 |
|
0,427 |
2,8 |
0,935 |
12 |
0,700 |
90 |
|
0,415 |
3,0 |
0,925 |
14 |
0,675 |
100 |
|
0,405 |
3,5 |
0,905 |
16 |
0,650 |
150 |
|
0,375 |
4,0 |
0,882 |
18 |
0,625 |
200 |
|
0,367 |
4,5 |
0,865 |
20 |
0,610 |
300 |
|
0,355 |
5,0 |
0,847 |
23 |
0,592 |
400 |
|
0,353 |
5,5 |
0,830 |
25 |
0,570 |
500 |
|
0,350 |
5.2.2. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ ɏɨɥɥɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɬɢɩ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ RH ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɢɩ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 34), ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɬɨɤ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɯ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ y, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɤ ɨɫɢ x, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ By , ɬɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ x ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ Vx ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ Ʌɨɪɟɧɰɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ z, ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɤ x ɢ y:
F = qVxBy . |
(5.9) |
57
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɡɧɚɤɢ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɵɪɨɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ z ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ Iz = Inz + Ipz. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɢ z, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɡɚɪɹɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ Ez , ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɢɥɵ Ʌɨɪɟɧɰɚ, ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ Iz ɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɧɭɥɸ.
z
I
1 2
UH V
h |
x |
3
y
L
d
Ɋɢɫ. 34. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɟ E ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ Ex ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ Μ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ:
tgΜ = Ez /Ex = uHBy |
(5.10) |
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ uH ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɯɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ uH ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ u ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ Ez ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɚ Jx ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ By:
Ez = RHJxBy , |
(5.11) |
ɝɞɟ RH – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɏɨɥɥɚ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ Jx = ςEx, ɬɨ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ n-ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ:
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RHn = uHn / un ne = rn/ne, |
(5.12) |
ɝɞɟ uHn |
ɢ un – ɯɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ |
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ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; |
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n – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ; |
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rn = uHn /un – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɯɨɥɥ- |
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ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ. |
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Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ p-ɬɢɩɚ: |
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RHp = uHp / up pe = rp/pe, |
(5.13) |
ɝɞɟ uHp |
ɢ up – ɯɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ |
ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɵɪɨɤ |
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ; |
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p – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɞɵɪɨɤ; rp = uHp /up . |
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ɉɪɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɢɩɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ: |
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RH = (rn nu2n - rp pu2p) / e(nun + pup)2. |
(5.14) |
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ r ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɧɟɜɵɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ r = rn = rp = 1.17, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɢɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ r = 1,93, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɯ r = 1.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɟɩɢɩɟɞɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɡɨɧɞɚ (1 ɢ 2) ɜɞɨɥɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɧɞ 3, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɵɣ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ (ɪɢɫ. 34). ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɨɧɞɨɜ 1 ɢ 2 ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɡɨɧɞɵ 1 ɢ 3 ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ UH. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ n-ɬɢɩɚ: |
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RHn = UH d/IxBy , |
(5.15) |
ɝɞɟ d – ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɪɹɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɏɨɥɥɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɵɪɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚɯ n- ɢ p-ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɵɪɨɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ȼɚɧ ɞɟɪ ɉɚɭ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ. ɏɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ
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ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ RBCDA = UAC/IBD ɞɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ RBCDA (ɪɢɫ. 33), ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɥɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ uH ɢɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ N:
uH = RBCDA dς /B, |
(5.16) |
N = rς /euH. |
(5.17) |
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:
u= AT-p , |
(5.18) |
ɝɞɟ A – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, p – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦɢ (4.1), (4.2), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ +3/2 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɹɯ ɢ –3/2 ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ (ɫɦ. ɝɥ. 4.2).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɣɞɹ ɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɏɨɥɥɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ p ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ.
5.2.3. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨ-ɷ.ɞ.ɫ.
ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɍ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɸ. ȿɫɥɢ ɰɟɩɶ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɚ, ɢ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɤ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɟɪɦɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ (ɬɟɪɦɨ-ɷ.ɞ.ɫ.), ɢɥɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ Ɂɟɟɛɟɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
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