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II. Colloquial Vocabulary

Paraphrase so as to show the different uses of the verb 'to do':

1) Have you done your homework? 2) I have to do a sum. 3) Will you please do the room? 4) Who does the cooking in your family? 5) Go and do your teeth! 6) I like the way you do your hair. 7) They do fish very well in this restaurant. 8) What subjects do you do at your University? 9) I did some music in my childhood. 10) This car can do 80 miles an hour. 11) What do you do for a living? 12) You did right to tell me about it. 13) That won't do. 14) Will this sum do for you? 15) It did me good. 16) He is doing well at school. 17) How are you doing? 18) He was up and doing at five in the morning. 19) What is doing here? 20) If you say it again, I'll do you! 21) Can we do Oxford in three days? 22) He does Ronald Reagan very well.

III. Formal Styles

1. Analyse the peculiarities of the style of scientific texts; paraphrase the marked expressions by more neutral ones a) The degree of liberty possessed by the citizens of a state has

become the key standard by which liberal democracies are

compared with other forms of government.. However, there is much less consensus on the meaning of liberty.

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In political thought liberty is largely synonymous with freedom. But it is as well to recall that liberty or freedom have not always been valued in Western or other forms of political thought. Indeed religious and political authoritarians, and many conservatives and traditionalists, equate liberty with licence, the absence of control, moral chaos. Moreover, many political philosophers, from Plato to Hobbes, have argued that human beings should sacrifice their freedom to ensure order or stability, in the form of strong and/or enlightened government.

Many political theorists make a distinction between positive liberty ('freedom to do', or self-mastery') and negative liberty ('freedom from' or 'not being obstructed') although others argue that the distinction is not logically sustainable, that it just confuses matters. The concept of liberty, whether positive or negative, or both, evidently means 'not being controlled' or 'not being obstructed'.

The most notable exponents of positive liberty were Rousseau and Kant. They argued that genuine freedom is possessed only by individuals who are autonomous agents — that is, by those whose power of reason is free from manipulation by others, and are capable of exercising self-determination in their moral and political choices. We are free only when we act rightly, and vice versa: we are free when our 'real self is in charge. This thesis can, of course, become a means for suggesting that people are not free even when they claim to be.

The idea of negative liberty, by contrast, is derived from the doctrine of natural rights which claims that individuals have certain inalienable rights which should not be transgressed by any individual, group or government. Such rights are 'liberties', that is, rights to be free from control, and are most vigorously supported in the doctrine of libertarianism. Negative liberty exists where citizens are free to behave in any way which does not harm another citizen or contravene specific laws. Negative liberty is often tested in societies where governments or pressure groups attempt to define what constitutes harm to others: thus the private sexual activities of consenting adults would appear to be harmful to neither the practitioners nor the general public, yet many states prohibit by law certain types of private sexual expression

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b) Such innovations will involve changes to the diet of the whole populations, including a sharp reduction in consumption of intensively- reared cattle. An international agreement was reached at the J 992 Earth Summit, although the policies agreed will only reduce the rate of increase of greenhouse gases. This, coupled with a fear that American voters regard their right to drive large cars as on a par with the constitutional right to bear arms, made the administration of President Bush very obstructive in international negotiations. Given the economic and political power of the USA, and their consumption of energy, this stance has reduced other countries' readiness to respond. Finally, it is worth noting that any suggestion that global warming threatens life on Earth is highly exaggerated. The changes in atmospheric composition are significant in relation to changes in the last few million years, but are neglectable compared with the changes brought about by life.