2. Read and learn the following words and expressions.

operating system	- операционная система
time sharing system	- система с разделением времени
cost allocation	- распределение прямых затрат
to run on the system	- запустить систему
mass storage	- запоминающее устройство (сверх) большой емкости, массовая память
UNIX	- открытая многопользовательская операционная система
web server	- веб-сервер, интернет-сервер
descendants	- наследник, потомок
to owe	- быть должным кому-либо, быть в долгу перед кем-либо
core	- сердцевина, центр
superseded	- устаревший
overtake	- догнать, наверстать
bootstrap	- начальная загрузка
to implement	- осуществлять

3. Answer the following questions.

1. What is an operating system?

2. What are the examples of popular modern operating systems?

3. Describe UNIX as operating systems.

4. What is BSD?

5. Tell about Mac OS X operating systems.

6. What other operating systems do you know?

4. What parts of speech do the following words belong to? Translate these words into Russian.

Hardware, vital, application, efficient, use, accounting, printing, intermediary, diverse, sub-categories, owe.

5. Use the following words and expressions in your own sentences.

Application programs, cost allocation, hardware, supercomputer, subgroup, predecessor, license.

6. Fill in prepositions if necessary.

• The operating system is a vital component … the system software … a computer system.

• Operating systems can be found … almost any device that contains a computer – … cellular phones and video game consoles … supercomputers and web servers.

• B was replaced … C, and UNIX developed … a large, complex family … interrelated operating systems.

• Mac OS X is the successor … the original Mac OS, which had been Apple’s primary operating system … 1984.

• Since Chrome OS targets computer users who spend most … their time … the Internet, it is mainly a web browser … no ability … run applications.

7. Retell the text. Text b

1. Read and translate the text b.

List of Operating Systems

For interested persons does this list, in order to specify as much as possible operating systems already exist. Who would like to know whether the operating system with the name xyz really exists or has existed, this is an excellent source to start. Commercial, free, open source and operating systems developed at universities as well as their derivatives are included. It does not take place a distinction after the level of development, application purpose, distribution or hardware platform. Operating systems with only different version numbers are considered only if they are technically clearly different to each other.

This list offers hundreds of operating system product and project names, many of them are based on the same operating system more or less with more or less differences in the source code. The most operating systems can be traced to few development lines and derive from a small amount of system software. This applies especially to Linux distributions with a low number of main distributions. Further projects which largely use the same code base have forged to new distributions. Depending of this there forged smaller projects with differences in the composition of the applications or source code.

Android is a Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google.

Google purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005. The unveiling of the Android distribution in 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 86 hardware, software, and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google releases the Android code as open-source, under the Apache License. The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.

Android has a large community of developers writing applications (“apps”) that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java. Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as Google Play (formerly Android Market), the app store run by Google. As of February 2012 there were more than 450,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from the Android Market as of December 2011 exceeded 10 billion.

Android was listed as the best-selling smart phone platform worldwide in Q4 2010 by Canalys with over 300 million Android devices in use by February 2012. According to Google’s Andy Rubin, as of February 2012 there are over 850,000 Android devices activated every day.