- •1.1 They like living in a big city. They don’t like living in a provincial town.
- •1.2 We like playing football on Saturday. We don't like working on Saturday.
- •2.1 It takes me one and half hours to get to the University.
- •2.2 It rains a lot in Moscow in autumn.
- •It does not rain much in Moscow in summer.
- •3.1 Nick is staying in the Hilton hotel. He is not staying in the Radisson hotel.
- •3.2 Vlad is working on the tempus project at the moment.
- •4.1 This week I’m working till 7 o’clock to earn a bit more money.
- •I’m not working till 7 o’clock to substitute for my colleague.
- •4.2 I am writing an essay today.
- •I am not working on my technical project.
- •5.1 My friend has gone on business to Paris.
- •6.1 I have seen Helen in the library this morning.
- •I haven’t seen her in the office this morning.
- •6.2 I have finished my course paper this week.
- •I haven't finished my diploma this week.
- •7.1 We have known each other since University years.
- •7.2 He has lived in our town for twenty years
- •8.1 I have been sitting up for the exam for three days.
- •I haven’t been sitting up for the exam for two days.
- •8.2 I have been reading this book for a week.
- •I haven't been reading this book for a month.
- •1.1 We went fishing a lot last summer.
- •1.2 I had a lot of work last week.
- •I didn't have much free time.
- •2.1 Alex used to go hunting with his friends when he lived in the north.
- •2.2. He used to go to the theatre every month when he lived in London.
- •3.1 I was working with the computer when you phoned.
- •I was gardening when it started raining.
- •I wasn't cleaning house at the time.
- •4.1 My parents were waiting for me when I arrived.
- •4.2 They were listening to music on the bbc3 when the electricity was cut off.
- •5.1 Tom had had lunch before we arrived.
- •5.2 She had passed her final exams before she applied to the University.
- •6.1 They had been playing tennis for half an hour when it started raining.
- •1.1 I’ll get a taxi to get home. I won’t walk home.
- •1.2 I will eat fish. I won’t eat meat.
- •3.1 I will have finished my project by Monday.
- •I won’t have finished my project by Saturday.
- •3.2 We will have reached this far off place by evening.
- •4.1 Next June I will have been working in this company for three years.
- •4.2 I will have been waiting for visa for a month next Monday.
- •I won’t have been waiting for visa for five weeks.
- •1.1 Computers are widely used nowadays.
- •1.2 The new book is sold everywhere.
- •It’s not sold only in one book shop.
- •2.1 He has been told about this by his mother.
- •2.2 He has been offered a job in a foreign company.
- •3.1 The missing children were being looked for everywhere when I arrived.
- •3.2 His car was being cleaned in the garage when he returned.
- •4.1 He will be spoken about with great respect.
- •4.2 They will be provided with al the necessary equipment.
- •1.1 I can speak English fluently.
- •I can’t speak French fluently.
- •1.2 He can play tennis really well.
- •2.1 Tom could swim very well when he was young.
- •I couldn't speak Italian when I lived in France.
- •Indirect questions
1.1 I can speak English fluently.
I can’t speak French fluently.
Can you speak English fluently? – Yes, I can.
Can you speak French fluently? – No, I can’t.
Can you speak English or French fluently? – English.
Who can speak English fluently? – I can.
What can you do? – I can speak English fluently.
What language can you speak fluently? – English.
How well can you speak English? – Fluently.
You can speak English fluently, can’t you? – Yes, I can.
You can’t speak English fluently, can you? –Yes, I can.
You can speak French fluently, can’t you? – No, I can’t.
You can’t speak French fluently, can you? – No, I can’t.
1.2 He can play tennis really well.
He can't play football so well.
…………………………………
………………………………….
………………………………….
Who………………………….
What………………………………
What game……………………….
…………………………………….
………………………………………..
……………………………………..
……………………………………….
2.1 Tom could swim very well when he was young.
He couldn’t run very well when he was young.
Could Tom swim very well when he was young? – Yes, he could.
Could he run very well? – No, he couldn’t.
Could he swim or run very well? – He could swim very well
Who could swim very well? – Tom could.
What could he do well when he was young? – He could swim well.
When could he swim well? – When he was young.
Tom could swim well, couldn’t he? – Yes, he could.
He couldn’t swim well, could he? – Yes, he could.
He could run very well, couldn’t he? – No, he couldn’t.
He couldn’t run very well, could he? – No, he couldn’t.
2.2 I could speak French when I lived in France.
I couldn't speak Italian when I lived in France.
a. …………………………………………
b. …………………………………………
c. …………………………………………
d. Who……………………………………
e. What……………………………………
f. What language………………………….
g. …………………………………………
h. ………………………………………….
i. ………………………………………….
j. ………………………………………..
k. ……………………………………………
Practice
Translate back into English (sentences from the textbook):
Я не могу встретиться с тобой в среду, но могу в субботу утром.
Поговори с Катей. Возможно, она сможет тебе помочь.
Я не могу понять Мартина. Я никогда не мог его понять.
Ваши указания были хороши, и мы легко смогли найти ваш дом.
Я не могу хорошо спать в последнее время.
Вчера меня тошнило. Я ничего не мог есть.
Огонь распространился быстро, но всем, к счастью, удалось спастись.
Моя бабушка любила музыку. Она хорошо умела играть на пианино.
Девочка упала в реку, но, к счастью, нам удалось ее спасти.
Я везде искал книгу, но не мог ее найти.
Я так сердита на него! Я могла бы убить его!
Я уверена, что дала тебе ключ. Он должен быть у тебя.
Сара много знает о фильмах. Должно быть, она часто ходит в кино.
Не может быть, чтоб это был хороший ресторан. Он всегда пустой.
Ты не можешь уже проголодаться. Ты только что позавтракал.
Джон, возможно, играет сейчас в теннис.
Возможно, она здесь больше не работает.
Осторожно с этой собакой! Она может укусить.
Карен не может остаться на встрече до конца. Она должна рано уйти.
Это парковка бесплатная. Вам не надо платить.
Полю нравиться новая работа? - Ему много приходиться ездить?
Вчера я упал и ушиб руку. - Тебе пришлось пойти в больницу?
Не шуми так. Нельзя, чтобы мы разбудили детей.
Ты не должен забывать, что я тебе сказал. Это очень важно.
Мне нельзя слишком много есть. Я на диете.
Ты не должен обязательно быть хорошим игроком, чтобы любить теннис.
Нам не обязательно идти пешком до самого дома. Мы можем взять такси.
Нам не обязательно торопиться. У нас много времени.
Тебе не нужно мыть эти помидоры. Они уже помыты.
У меня не было необходимости вставать рано, поэтому я и не встал.
У нас достаточно продуктов дома. В магазин не нужно идти.
У меня трудное положение. Как вы думаете, что я должен сделать?
Я думаю, что правительство не должно повысить налоги.
Я думаю, им не следует жениться. Они слишком молоды.
Тебе не следует верить всему, о чем ты читаешь в газетах.
Будет дождь. Нам надо зонтики взять.
У меня много дел завтра. Лучше встать пораньше.
Я не могу найти свой зонтик. – Он, возможно, в машине.
Можно мне войти? – Конечно, входите.
Завтра я не работаю, поэтому мне не нужно вставать так рано.
Choose the appropriate form:
Choosing a gym
Choosing to go to a gym regularly (must/ need/should/ will have to) change your life for the better. Don’t let it be a decision you regret!
Good gyms have a lot to offer. They ( can/ could/ would/ must) provide exercise equipment that is just too expensive to buy and their trained stuff are (made/forced/ allowed/ able) to provide quality health and fitness advice. But if you’re planning to join a gym, you (should/would/might/will) definitely ask to look round before you become a member. There are a number of things to bear in mind before choosing which gym to join.
Before the law changed a few years ago, anyone (can/ could/might/may) set up a gym and even today gyms (mustn’t/don’t have to/can’t/shouldn’t) employ trained fitness instructors. Find out what qualifications the staff have. If they’re untrained, it’s best to go elsewhere.
You (mustn’t/ couldn’t/won’t/mightn’t) be confused by the gym’s hard sell. Just because they want you to sign up – they want your money, after all that doesn’t mean you (can’t/can/would/have to) decide there and then. See a few gyms before you make your final decision.
Ask yourself: What kind of equipment and facilities do they have? There’s little point joining a gym and then thinking a few months later, ‘I ( ought to/must/have to/can’t ) choose another gym with a pool’. Do you ( able/must/ have to/ allowed) book equipment in advance, or can you just turn up and use it? How busy does the gym get? It (won’t have to/doesn’t have to/mustn’t/won’t) be very pleasant turning up to find there’s no room in the changing room and there’s a huge queue for each piece of equipment. It (must/might/has to/ought to) also be a good idea to talk to people who already go to that gym to find out their opinion.
Choose the correct form:
I wouldn’t like to (have to/must/should /need) get up at five o’clock every morning.
(Must, Would/ Should /Could) I have a look at those shoes in the window, please?
We (mustn’t/didn’t have to/couldn’t/hadn’t to) pay for the tickets as Josie won them in a competition.
You really (couldn’t/won’t/mightn’t/shouldn’t) make such a mountain out of a molehill!
I hope we (could/may/might/can) find the cinema easily.
We couldn’t find a hotel room, so we (must/should/had to/could) sleep in the car. It was awful!
We’d love to (can/be able to/will have to/have to) go on a round-the-world cruise.
You’ll (have to/must//had to/should) tell the police that your house was broken into.
You (can’t/couldn’t/are not able to) wash these trousers in a washing machine.
(I’ll be able/can/must/should) to answer your questions only after I look through the report.
Do I have to talk to him? – No, you (mustn’t/needn’t/shouldn’t/mightn’t).
You (needn’t/mustn’t/have to/can) go shopping. We’ve got everything necessary.
You (needn’t/mustn’t/don’t have to) believe him! He is a liar.
You ( need/will have to/must/should) pay for the broken window after all.
Translate into English:
В молодости он мог плавать очень быстро.
Он не хотел покупать эту машину, но жена смогла его уговорить.
Должно быть он очень умен. Он все экзамены сдает только на отлично.
Не может быть, что он беден. Он только что купил новую квартиру.
Возможно, мы этим летом не поедем в отпуск.
Я не могу с тобой встретиться завтра: я должен быть на работе.
Тебе не обязательно встречать его на вокзале. Я его встречу.
Я думаю, тебе не следует держать эту новость в секрете.
Тебе давно пора вставать. Уже полдень.
Он не мог говорить по-русски, когда приехал работать в Россию.
Он пропустил много занятий, но ему удалось хорошо подготовиться к экзамену.
Он, должно быть, очень добрый человек. Он всегда помогает другим людям.
Не может быть, чтобы Елена была в институте. Она только что ушла домой.
Возможно, мы встретимся завтра утром.
В здании университета нельзя курить.
Он должен много работать, чтобы содержать семью.
Тебе не обязательно меня ждать. Я могу приехать позже.
Я, пожалуй, пойду сейчас: последняя электричка через полчаса.
Так как моя машина часто ломается, мне приходится ездить на автобусе.
Ты должен немедленно пойти и извиниться!
Ты не должен никому об этом рассказывать.
Он, должно быть, сейчас дома.
Сколько раз в неделю ты сможешь брать уроки музыки?
Вы не могли бы перезвонить позже?
Неужели он такой упрямый?
Я думаю, мне удастся объяснить ему, что он не прав.
Ты можешь рассказать мне все подробно?
Нельзя стирать эти брюки в стиральной машине.
Вы не подскажете, где я могу купить сим-карту?
Возможно, он придет позже.
Может быть, он сейчас дома.
Возможно, это не его адрес.
Может, ты его знаешь.
Я должен знать, что происходит! Ты должен мне все сказать!
Тебе придется напомнить ему об этом разговоре.
Боюсь, я должна буду задержаться на работе до 8.
Куда мы поедем в выходные? – Мы могли бы поехать за город.
Рой смог хорошо сдать экзамен: он был очень хорошо подготовлен.
Майкл, ты мог бы закончить статью на будущей неделе? – Пожалуй, да.
Моя сестра должна сдавать сложный экзамен завтра.
Не может быть, чтобы он знал меня. Мы с ним не знакомы.
Должно быть, они очень близкие друзья. Они всегда помогают друг другу.
Revision Exercises
Choose appropriate form:
You (mustn’t/needn’t/don’t have to, can’t) forget about such important things in future.
He (can’t/shouldn’t/mustn’t/doesn’t have to) be at home now. His windows are dark.
You(’ll have to/might/could/can) give reasons for such behaviour.
(Can/may/must/need) it be true? It’s fantastic!
She (mustn’t/can’t/shouldn’t) be lying to me. I don’t believe it.
Has he agreed to your offer? – No, he still (thinks, is thinking, has been thinking) it over.
I (will finish/will have finished/finish) the project before he (returns/will return/will have returned).
I doubt if he (catches/will catch/caught) the train. He (is leaving/leaves/has left) so late.
(Have you been to /were you in /have you gone to) any exotic country?
She (is/has been/was) at home since 6 o'clock.
Translate into English:
Я давно знаю Ричарда. Мы соседи уже пять лет.
Мы не виделись(meet) с 1993 года. Боюсь, я ее не узнаю.
Сколько вы с Хелен дружите? – С детства.
Где Сэм? – Он в комнате. Он делает уроки с тех пор, как вернулся из школы.
Ты хорошо спал? – Да, мне снился хороший сон.
Кто изобрел компьютер?
Мистер Доули приезжал через два дня(two days later). Вся семья готовилась к его приезду.
Я проснулся в 8 часов. Мама в это время завтракала, а папа уходил на работу.
Я не понимал ни слова. Они говорили очень быстро.
Я так устала, что спала 10 часов!
Для Эллис все было в новинку. Она впервые была за пределами своего города.
Новый театр еще не построили, не так ли?
Как давно ремонтируется эта квартира?
Имя уже выбрали к тому времени, как родился ребенок?
Машину не красят. Ее уже сушат.
Я боюсь, что ошибку все равно заметят.
Где его ждали в это время?
Как давно вы умеете плавать?
Неужели Катя все еще говорит по телефону?
Неужели они все еще сдают экзамены?
Он все еще спит. Должно быть, он очень устал.
Телефон занят. Должно быть, кто-то говорит по телефону.
Завтра я уезжаю в Лондон. Думаю, вернусь через неделю.
Unit 6
Grammar Review
Reported speech, reported questions, reporting verbs
We use reported speech when we want to say what someone else said.
e.g. Jason said he was going to buy a new pair of trainers.
If the reporting verb is in the past (e.g. said), we usually have to change the tense of what the person actually said.
Usage:
Direct Speech |
Reported Speech |
Example |
present simple |
past simple |
‘I need a credit card’, said Tim.→ Tim said he needed a credit card. |
present continuous |
past continuous |
‘I’m taking Lizzie shopping’, said Tim.→ Tim said he was taking Lizzie shopping. |
present prefect |
past perfect |
‘I’ve bought new shoes,’ said Tim.→ Tim said he’d bought new shoes. |
present perfect continuous |
past perfect continuous |
‘I’ve been thinking of buying a car’, said Tim. →Tim said he’d been thinking of buying a car. |
past simple |
past perfect |
‘I spent ten euros,’ said Tim. → Tim said he’d spent ten euros. |
past continuous |
past perfect continuous |
‘I was hoping to find a new tie’, said Tim. → Tim said he’d been hoping to find a new tie. |
past perfect |
past perfect (no tense change) |
I’d looked everywhere for my credit card before I found it,’ said Tim. → Tim said he’d looked everywhere for his credit card before he found it. |
past perfect continuous |
past perfect continuous (no tense change) |
‘I’d been looking for that book for weeks before I found it,’ said Tim. → Tim said he’d been looking for that book for weeks before he found it. |
am/is/are going to |
was/were going to |
‘I’m going to do the shopping now,’ said Tim. → Tim said he was going to do the shopping then. |
will |
would |
‘I’ll need a credit card,’ said Tim. → Tim said he would need a credit card. |
can |
could |
‘I can take Lizzie shopping,’ said Tim. → Tim said he could take Lizzie shopping. |
must/have to |
had to |
‘ I must go to the supermarket,’ said Tim. → Tim said he had to go to the supermarket. |
may |
might |
‘I may go shopping later,’ said Tim. → Tim said he might go shopping later. |
Reported speech: pronoun and determiner changes
With reported speech, we also usually have to change some pronouns and determiners.
These changes include:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Example |
my |
his/her |
‘I’ve lost my credit card,’ said Tim. → Tim said he had lost his credit card. |
this/that+noun |
the/that |
‘I love this sweater,’ said Tim. → Tim said he loved the/that sweater. |
this/that+verb |
it |
‘ This is a lovely sweater,’ said Tim. → Tim said it was a lovely sweater. |
these/those+noun |
the/those |
‘I love those sweaters,’ said Tim. → Tim said he loved the/those sweaters. |
these/those+verb |
they |
‘These are lovely sweaters,’ said Tim.→ Tim said they were lovely sweaters. |
verb+these/those |
them |
‘I’m going to buy these,’ said Tim. → Tim said he was going to buy them. |
Reported speech: time and place changes
With reported speech we also have to change time and place words/phrases.
These changes include:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Example |
here |
there |
‘I usually shop here,’ said Tim. →Tim said he usually shopped there. |
now/at the moment |
then/at the moment |
‘I’m shopping at the moment,’ said Tim. → Tim said he was shopping then/ at the moment. |
tomorrow |
the next/the following day |
‘I’m going shopping tomorrow,’ said Tim. → Tim said he was going shopping the next/following day. |
today |
that day |
‘I am not going shopping today, ’said Tim.→ Tim said he was not going shopping that day. |
tonight |
that night |
‘I’m going shopping tonight,’ said Tim. → Tim said he was going shopping that night. |
next week/month/year |
the following week/month/year |
‘I’m going shopping next week,’ said Tim. → Tim said he was going shopping the following week. |
yesterday |
the day before/the previous day |
I went shopping yesterday, said Tim. → Tim said he’d been shopping the week before/the previous week. |
Last week/month/year |
The week/ month/ year before/ the previous week |
‘I went shopping last week,’ said Tim. → Tim said he’d been shopping the week before/the previous week. |
ago |
Before/previously |
‘I went shopping two days ago,’ said Tim. → Tim said he’d been shopping two days before/previously |
Reported questions
We use reported questions when we want to say what someone else asked.
e.g. Tim asked Tom if he wanted to go shopping with him.
We use the same rules regarding tense, pronoun and time and place word/phrases changes with reported questions as we do with reported speech.
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Example |
Have, do, be or modal verb(i.e. yes/no questions) |
Use if or whether |
‘Can you get me an ice cream, Tom? ’asked Tim.→ Tim asked Tom if/whether he could get him an ice cream. |
What, who, which, when, where, why and how |
What, who, which, when, where, why, how |
‘Why did you buy these shoes?’ asked Tim. → Tim asked me why I had bought those shoes. |
Attention!
In direct questions we use the question form and question marks (Can you…?). In reported questions we don’t use the question form or question marks
The structure of indirect questions is very similar to the structure of reported questions, so they are also worth regarding in this section.