- •1.1 They like living in a big city. They don’t like living in a provincial town.
- •1.2 We like playing football on Saturday. We don't like working on Saturday.
- •2.1 It takes me one and half hours to get to the University.
- •2.2 It rains a lot in Moscow in autumn.
- •It does not rain much in Moscow in summer.
- •3.1 Nick is staying in the Hilton hotel. He is not staying in the Radisson hotel.
- •3.2 Vlad is working on the tempus project at the moment.
- •4.1 This week I’m working till 7 o’clock to earn a bit more money.
- •I’m not working till 7 o’clock to substitute for my colleague.
- •4.2 I am writing an essay today.
- •I am not working on my technical project.
- •5.1 My friend has gone on business to Paris.
- •6.1 I have seen Helen in the library this morning.
- •I haven’t seen her in the office this morning.
- •6.2 I have finished my course paper this week.
- •I haven't finished my diploma this week.
- •7.1 We have known each other since University years.
- •7.2 He has lived in our town for twenty years
- •8.1 I have been sitting up for the exam for three days.
- •I haven’t been sitting up for the exam for two days.
- •8.2 I have been reading this book for a week.
- •I haven't been reading this book for a month.
- •1.1 We went fishing a lot last summer.
- •1.2 I had a lot of work last week.
- •I didn't have much free time.
- •2.1 Alex used to go hunting with his friends when he lived in the north.
- •2.2. He used to go to the theatre every month when he lived in London.
- •3.1 I was working with the computer when you phoned.
- •I was gardening when it started raining.
- •I wasn't cleaning house at the time.
- •4.1 My parents were waiting for me when I arrived.
- •4.2 They were listening to music on the bbc3 when the electricity was cut off.
- •5.1 Tom had had lunch before we arrived.
- •5.2 She had passed her final exams before she applied to the University.
- •6.1 They had been playing tennis for half an hour when it started raining.
- •1.1 I’ll get a taxi to get home. I won’t walk home.
- •1.2 I will eat fish. I won’t eat meat.
- •3.1 I will have finished my project by Monday.
- •I won’t have finished my project by Saturday.
- •3.2 We will have reached this far off place by evening.
- •4.1 Next June I will have been working in this company for three years.
- •4.2 I will have been waiting for visa for a month next Monday.
- •I won’t have been waiting for visa for five weeks.
- •1.1 Computers are widely used nowadays.
- •1.2 The new book is sold everywhere.
- •It’s not sold only in one book shop.
- •2.1 He has been told about this by his mother.
- •2.2 He has been offered a job in a foreign company.
- •3.1 The missing children were being looked for everywhere when I arrived.
- •3.2 His car was being cleaned in the garage when he returned.
- •4.1 He will be spoken about with great respect.
- •4.2 They will be provided with al the necessary equipment.
- •1.1 I can speak English fluently.
- •I can’t speak French fluently.
- •1.2 He can play tennis really well.
- •2.1 Tom could swim very well when he was young.
- •I couldn't speak Italian when I lived in France.
- •Indirect questions
Unit 1
Grammar Review
Present time: present simple, present continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous
Present simple tense
Form:
statement: I/You/We/They travel He/She/It travels
negative: I/You/We/They do not travel He/She/It does not travel
question: Do I/you/we/they travel Does he/she/it travel?
Usage
|
Use |
Example |
|
Current habit |
Helen walks to work. I get up at seven every morning. |
|
Permanent situations |
Nina works in a travel agent’s. I live in Moscow. |
|
States |
Do you have up-to-date information? Does he know our new address? |
|
General truths and facts |
The Czech Republic is in the European Union. |
Attention! We can also use do/does in present simple statements for emphasis.
You don’t like going by bus, do you? – Actually, I do like going by bus, but for short distances.
See EGU, U2, pp.4-5
Present continuous tense
Form: be + V-ing
statement: I am driving…You/We/They are driving
He/She/It is driving
negative: I am not driving… You/We/They are not driving
He/She/It isn’t driving
question: Am I driving..? Are you/we/they driving..? Is he/she/it driving?
Usage
|
Use |
Example |
|
Actions happening now |
Nick is driving to work at the moment |
|
Temporary series of actions |
Taxi drivers aren’t stopping at the train station because of the road works. |
|
Temporary situations |
Are they staying in the Hilton hotel now? |
|
Changing and developing situations |
Holidays abroad are becoming increasingly popular. |
|
Annoying habits(usually with always) |
You are always losing your keys! |
Attention! Some verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses because they don’t describe actions. They are called stative verbs.
e.g. He doesn’t belong to any political parties.
|
Use Stative verbs often refer to: |
Example |
|
thinking |
believe, imagine, know, mean, think, understand |
|
existence |
be, exist |
|
emotions |
hate, like, love, need, prefer, satisfy, want |
|
human senses |
hear, see, smell, sound, taste |
|
appearance |
appear, look, resemble, seem |
|
possession and relationships between things |
belong to, consist of, have, include, involve, own |
Attention! Some verbs (such as be, have, imagine, look, see, smell, taste, think) are stative with one meaning and non-stative with another meaning.
e.g. Do you have your plane ticket with you? (state: possession)
Are you having lunch at the moment? (action: eating)
See EGU, U1, pp.2-3, U3-4, pp.6-9
Present perfect tense
Form: have/has + past participle (3rd form of the verb)
statement: I/You/We/They have gone … He/She/It has gone…
negative: I/You/We/They haven’t gone… He/She/It hasn’t gone…
question: Have I/you/we/they gone..? Has he/she/it gone..?
Usage
|
Use |
Example |
|
Situations and states that started in the past and are still true |
She’s had her car for five years. |
|
Completed actions at some time in the past which is not mentioned |
Have you ever flown in a helicopter? |
|
Completed actions where the present result is very important |
I’ve booked the coach tickets. |
Attention! Such phrases as It’s the first/second/etc. time are followed by the present perfect.
It’s the second time I’ve been on a plane.
See EGU, U7-8, pp.14-17
Present perfect continuous tense
Form: have/has been + present participle
statement: I/You/We/They have been driving… He/She/It has been driving
negative: I/You/We/They have not been driving… He/She/It has not been driving
question: Have I/you/we/they been driving…? Has he/she/it been driving…?
Usage
|
Use |
Example |
|
Actions continuing up to the present moment |
I have been driving for hours. I am really tired. |
|
Actions stopping just before the present moment |
I am out of breath because I’ve been running to get here in time. |
Attention! Sometimes there is very little difference in meaning between the present perfect and the present perfect continuous and sometimes there is a difference in meaning.
e.g. I have worked at the airport for four years. = I have been working at the airport for four years.
I have read that book about animals. (I have finished it.)
I have been reading that book about animals. ( I have not finished it.)
See EGU, U9-11, pp.18-23
Question patterns:
In this section you will learn or review how to ask questions using different present tense forms. The questions are put consecutively. Let us regard the first pattern as an example:
a)/b) – Yes/No questions,
c) – alternative question,
d)/e)/f)– special Who/What/Where questions,
g)/h)/i)/j) – disjunctive questions.
g) – the first part of the question is positive, the tag is negative. You agree with the positive part of the question with Yes.
h) – the first part of the question is negative, the tag is positive. You disagree with the negative part with Yes. (Mind the contradicting intonation here).
i) – the first part of the sentence is negative, the tag is positive. You agree with the negative part of the question with No.
j) – the first part of the question is positive, the tag is negative. You disagree with the positive part with No. You confirm your agreement and disagreement with intonation.
1.1 They like living in a big city. They don’t like living in a provincial town.
Do they like living in a big city? – Yes, they do.
Do they like living in a provincial town? – No, they don’t.
Do the like living in a big city or in a provincial town? – They like living in a big city.
Who likes living in a big city? – They do.
What do they like? – They like living in a big city.
Where do they like living? – In a big city.
They like living in a big city, don’t they? – Yes, they do.
They don’t like living in a big city, do they? – Yes, they do.
They don’t like living in a provincial town, do they? – No, they don’t.
They like living in a provincial town, don’t they? – No, they don’t.
1.2 We like playing football on Saturday. We don't like working on Saturday.
Yes…………………………………………………………..
No…………………………………………………………..
Alternative…………………………………………………………..
Who…………………………………………………………….
What…………………………………………………………….
When……………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………
2.1 It takes me one and half hours to get to the University.
It does not take me 2hours to get to the University.
Does it take you one and half hours to get to the University? – Yes, it does.
Does it take you two hours to get to the University? – No, it doesn’t.
Does it take you one and half or two hours to get to the University? – It takes me one and half hours to get to the University.
How long does it take you to get to the University? – It takes me one and half hours to get to the University.
It takes you one and half hours to get to the University, doesn’t it? – Yes, it does.
It doesn’t take you one and half hours to get to the University, does it? – Yes, it does.
It takes you two hours to get to the University, doesn’t it? – No, it doesn’t.
It doesn’t take you two hours to get to the University, does it? – No, it doesn’t.
2.2 It rains a lot in Moscow in autumn.
It does not rain much in Moscow in summer.
……………………………………………..
………………………………………………..
……………………………………………….
How often…………………………………….
Where……………………………………………..
When………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….
3.1 Nick is staying in the Hilton hotel. He is not staying in the Radisson hotel.
Is Nick staying in the Hilton hotel? – Yes, he is.
Is he staying in the Radisson hotel? – No, he isn’t.
Is he staying in the Hilton or Radisson hotel? – He is staying in the Hilton hotel.
Who is staying in the Hilton hotel? – Nick is.
What is Nick doing at the moment? – He is staying in the Hilton hotel.
Where is he staying? – In the Hilton hotel.
What hotel is he staying in? – In the Hilton hotel.
Nick is staying in the Hilton hotel, isn’t he? – Yes, he is.
Nick isn’t staying in the Hilton hotel, is he? – Yes, he is.
He isn’t staying in the Radisson hotel, is he? – No, he isn’t.
He is staying in the Radisson hotel, isn’t he? – No, he isn’t.