
- •1.1 They like living in a big city. They don’t like living in a provincial town.
- •1.2 We like playing football on Saturday. We don't like working on Saturday.
- •2.1 It takes me one and half hours to get to the University.
- •2.2 It rains a lot in Moscow in autumn.
- •It does not rain much in Moscow in summer.
- •3.1 Nick is staying in the Hilton hotel. He is not staying in the Radisson hotel.
- •3.2 Vlad is working on the tempus project at the moment.
- •4.1 This week I’m working till 7 o’clock to earn a bit more money.
- •I’m not working till 7 o’clock to substitute for my colleague.
- •4.2 I am writing an essay today.
- •I am not working on my technical project.
- •5.1 My friend has gone on business to Paris.
- •6.1 I have seen Helen in the library this morning.
- •I haven’t seen her in the office this morning.
- •6.2 I have finished my course paper this week.
- •I haven't finished my diploma this week.
- •7.1 We have known each other since University years.
- •7.2 He has lived in our town for twenty years
- •8.1 I have been sitting up for the exam for three days.
- •I haven’t been sitting up for the exam for two days.
- •8.2 I have been reading this book for a week.
- •I haven't been reading this book for a month.
- •1.1 We went fishing a lot last summer.
- •1.2 I had a lot of work last week.
- •I didn't have much free time.
- •2.1 Alex used to go hunting with his friends when he lived in the north.
- •2.2. He used to go to the theatre every month when he lived in London.
- •3.1 I was working with the computer when you phoned.
- •I was gardening when it started raining.
- •I wasn't cleaning house at the time.
- •4.1 My parents were waiting for me when I arrived.
- •4.2 They were listening to music on the bbc3 when the electricity was cut off.
- •5.1 Tom had had lunch before we arrived.
- •5.2 She had passed her final exams before she applied to the University.
- •6.1 They had been playing tennis for half an hour when it started raining.
- •1.1 I’ll get a taxi to get home. I won’t walk home.
- •1.2 I will eat fish. I won’t eat meat.
- •3.1 I will have finished my project by Monday.
- •I won’t have finished my project by Saturday.
- •3.2 We will have reached this far off place by evening.
- •4.1 Next June I will have been working in this company for three years.
- •4.2 I will have been waiting for visa for a month next Monday.
- •I won’t have been waiting for visa for five weeks.
- •1.1 Computers are widely used nowadays.
- •1.2 The new book is sold everywhere.
- •It’s not sold only in one book shop.
- •2.1 He has been told about this by his mother.
- •2.2 He has been offered a job in a foreign company.
- •3.1 The missing children were being looked for everywhere when I arrived.
- •3.2 His car was being cleaned in the garage when he returned.
- •4.1 He will be spoken about with great respect.
- •4.2 They will be provided with al the necessary equipment.
- •1.1 I can speak English fluently.
- •I can’t speak French fluently.
- •1.2 He can play tennis really well.
- •2.1 Tom could swim very well when he was young.
- •I couldn't speak Italian when I lived in France.
- •Indirect questions
3.2 His car was being cleaned in the garage when he returned.
His wasn’t being repaired when he returned.
…………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………..
What………………………………………………..
Whose…………………………………………….
Where…………………………………………….
When……………………………………………..
……………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..
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4.1 He will be spoken about with great respect.
He won’t be spoken about without any respect.
Will he be spoken about with great respect? – Yes, he will.
Will he be spoken about without any without respect? – No, he won’t.
Will he be spoken about with great respect or without any respect? – He will be spoken about with great respect.
Who will be spoken about with great respect? – He will.
How will he be spoken about? – With great respect.
He will be spoken about with great respect, won’t he? – Yes, he will.
He won’t be spoken about with great respect, will he? – Yes, he will.
He will be spoken about without any respect, won’t he? – No, he won’t.
He won’t be spoken about without any respect, will he? – No, he won’t.
4.2 They will be provided with al the necessary equipment.
They won’t be provided only with special devices.
………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
Who……………………………………………………
What……………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………….
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Practice
Translate back into English (sentences from the textbook) :
Какая часть земной поверхности покрыта водой?
Когда я был в отпуске, мой фотоаппарат исчез из моего номера.
Почему Билла уволили с работы? Что он натворил?
Я видел аварию вчера вечером. Кто-то вызвал скорую, но никто не пострадал, поэтому скорая не нужна была.
Где были сделаны эти фотографии? В Лондоне?
Письмо было отправлено неделю назад и пришло вчера.
В Соединенных Штатах президентские выборы проводятся каждые четыре года.
Эта компания не является независимой. Ею владеет гораздо более крупная компания.
Крыша этого здания была повреждена в грозу несколько дней назад.
Потерпевший не мог идти, и его пришлось нести.
Ситуация очень серьезная. Что-то нужно сделать пока еще не поздно.
Я сказал дежурному (receptionist), что я хочу, чтоб меня разбудили в 6.30 утра.
На моем компьютере сейчас работают.
Новая кольцевая дорога вокруг города сейчас строиться.
Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что мебель передвинули.
Ближайшего соседа не видели с тех пор, как он исчез шесть месяцев тому назад.
Сколько вам заплатят за вашу работу?
Мне предложили работу, но я отказался от нее.
Вам показали, что нужно делать?
Сукретарь описал мне ситуацию.
Сегодня нам объяснили новое правило.
Вчера на вечере мне рассказали забавную историю.
Детям продемонстрировали новую игру.
Гостям предложили напитки.
Секретарю продиктовали письмо.
Стив терпеть не может, когда его заставляют ждать.
Нам удалось перелезть через стену незамеченными (be seen).
Марии сделали подарок, когда она ушла на пенсию.
На вечеринке была драка, но никто не пострадал.
Мы пошли на вечеринку без приглашения.
Я люблю делать подарки, и люблю, когда дарят мне.
Я взрослый человек. Я не люблю, когда со мной обращаются, как с ребенком.
Алекса укусила пчела, когда он сидел в саду.
Эти теннисные корты не очень часто используются.
Я пошел на станцию ТО (гараж), чтоб сделать ТО моей машины.
Я пошел в химчистку, чтоб почистить костюм.
В настоящее время красят наш дом.
Мой компьютер не работал, но сейчас мне его уже починили.
Find correct forms:
Write one word in each gap.
The European Diet
It’s hard for us to imagine what ___included in the European diet before America ___discovered ___Columbus in 1492. So many ingredients which today ___grown all over the world ___unknown to medieval Europeans. Potatoes, tomatoes, maize and chocolate ___all originally imported from the New World. Until then, meals had___prepared with ingredients native to Europe, such as root vegetables. Of course, spices such as pepper ___been traded and added to food for centuries. When the potato ___first introduced, it was surprisingly unpopular. It ___considered to be poisonous and it took a long time for it to become common. There is a story of Parmentier, a French army officer, who ___potatoes planted in the royal garden and ___Marie Antoinette to wear a potato flower. The poor peasants were curious about the new plants and many of them ___ stolen to be planted in their own gardens. It was the start of French fries!
Use the correct form of the words in bold. Some words may not change. Use the particle to before an infinitive when this is necessary.
Wedding Disaster
My wedding had been arranged for months. I knew exactly what I wanted for that special day. I had the caterers (give)___ me a menu and got them (provide)___ me with samples so that I could be sure we would have the best food. I also wanted to have a string quartet play a classical music and I arranged that, too. My dress was being made specially and I had the dressmaker (put)___ silver thread in it. Finally, the big day arrived. My dress (be delivered)___ in the morning, but by ten it still hadn’t arrived. They called me and said it (damage)___. I was furious! I (have)___ my best friend quickly run to the shop and get a new dress. I got my lawyer (call)___ them to get my money back.
Choose the correct form, sometimes more than one choice is possible.
We (get/are having/ have/ have got) a swimming pool put in this week.(By the specialized firm)
Following new research, a new law to ban smoking (is considered/will have been considered/is being considered) by the government now.
I’ll (have my lawyer look/have my lawyer looked) into it.
The prime minister (was/has/is) criticized for his recent actions.
It was a real shock when my dad (was/has been) fired from his job.
The doctor (hasn’t been sent for, wasn’t sent for/hasn’t sent for) yet.
(The address was dictated to us/We were dictated the address) by the secretary and (we were also given the directions/ the directions were also given to us).
Chess (was/has been played) for about two thousand years now.
Nobody (was arrested/is arrested/arrested) during the demonstration.
(We were shown the sights of the town/ The sights of the town were shown to us).
I (wasn’t surprised/didn’t surprise) by the fact.
Such clothes (are worn/are being worn) only on special occasions.
(He was given very useful advice/ Very useful advice was given to him).
We (are being waited/are waiting) for at the café.
I (wasn’t interested/wasn’t interesting) in law at the time.
Translate into English:
Сейчас ей делает операцию очень известный хирург.
Ник был доволен статьей в газете про него? – Нет, он был рассержен, потому что его имя неправильно написали.
Ты собираешься покупать свадебное платье? – Нет, мое платье сейчас шьет (делает) мама.
Ты уже организовал вечер? – Да, все приглашения разосланы.
Как там Ервин? - Вчера украли его машину, поэтому он расстроен сегодня.
Их отвезли в больницу на машине скорой помощи.
Этот секрет никому нельзя открыть(reveal).
Я не люблю, когда мне говорят, что делать.
Мы надеемся, что пропавшие деньги найдутся.
В настоящее время в городе строится новый мост.
Когда она обнаружила, что все печенье съели, она очень разозлилась на Тома.
В наши дни много денег тратится на вооружение.
За последние десять лет в Лондоне было построено много офисов.
После того, как мне объяснили эти правила, я смог хорошо написать контрольную работу.
Детям купили новые игрушки, и они очень радовались по этому поводу.
Ему диктуют условия, и он должен их выполнять (meet the conditions) .
Мне очень подробно описали ситуацию.
Его встретят в аэропорту и отвезут в гостиницу.
Ряд бесценных произведений искусства были разрушены во время землетрясения.
Экономическая ситуация в данном регионе ухудшилась довольно резко в последнee время.
Установка компьютерной системы будет закончена в будущем году.
Прошлым летом нам установили кондиционеры.
Мне надо постричься сегодня вечером.
У нас в квартире сейчас делают ремонт.
Его доклады всегда слушают с большим вниманием.
Вы уверены, что вам рассказали всю правду?
Президенту немедленно сообщили новости.
Ему дали ключи от его комнаты.
Не могу понять, почему об этом художнике так много говорят.
Больного пришлось немедленно оперировать.(operate on)
Вдоль этой дороги нужно посадить больше деревьев.
Это можно сделать легко.
Дом придется отремонтировать.
Это письмо везде искали, но так и не нашли.
Нам не объяснили, как пройти в метро, поэтому мы заблудились.
Школу построят к концу года?
Revision Exercises
Give appropriate form:
I can’t find my keys. Where I (to put ) with them?
What you usually (to do) on Sundays?
Peter couldn’t understand anything because too many people (to talk) at once.
I supported you at the time because I (to feel) that you were right.
By the time you(to finish) getting ready, we (to miss) the train.
Sally! I (not to expect) to see you here! What you (to do) in London?
This is the first time the team (to play) outside England.
When you (to arrive), there (to be) someone to meet you.
I didn’t know that John (to leave).
Your food still (to prepare).
All main courses (to serve) with vegetables or salad.
Their house (to break into) last week.
Translate into English:
Так как его не пригласили на вечеринку, он был очень раздражен(annoy).
Еще ничего не решили по поводу места проведения(venue) следующих Олимпийских игр.
Через шесть месяцев вам повысят жалование.
Мы думаем покрасить стены дома с наружной стороны (вызвать мастеров).
Нас не представили.
Вашe жалобe сейчас рассматривают.
Летом я, бывало, вставал очень рано и шел на речку.
Мы не можем встретиться завтра: я уезжаю на две недели.
Я встала на час позже. Сегодня я точно опоздаю на работу.
Завтра будет дождь. Давление воздуха сильно упало.
Если у меня будет много работы, я не смогу встретиться с тобой на следующей неделе.
Я не знаю, будет ли у меня достаточно времени, чтобы встретиться с тобой на следующей неделе.
Он не знает, когда у него будет время проверить контрольные работы.
Когда у него будет достаточно времени, он проверит контрольные работы.
Я, вероятно, смогу поговорить с ним завтра.
Где бы нам встретиться во время обеда?
Купить мне этот пуловер? – Да, он тебе очень идет(to fit)!
Я собирался поговорить с тобой вчера, но ты уже ушел к тому времени.
В следующем году будет тридцать лет, как я работаю в этом институте.
Завтра в это время я уже уеду из города.
Она уже прочтет эту книгу к понедельнику.
Я собираюсь научиться водить машину в будущем году.
Я думаю, мы придем к соглашению по этой проблеме.
Я не думаю, что эта поездка будет интересной.
Unit 5
Grammar Review:
Modals: ability, permission, advice, obligation and necessity, degrees of certainty (with simple or continuous infinitives)
Form: All modals (will, would, should, can, could, may, might, must) and the semi-modal ought to have only one form.
Modals are always followed by the bare infinitive.
e.g. I think, you should go to the doctor.
Modal equivalents have to, need to, be able to, be allowed to may change in the same way as other verbs.
e.g. The doctor said I had/needed to give up smoking.
I’ll be able to leave hospital in a few weeks.
Modals: ability and possibility
Use |
Modal verb |
Example |
Expressing ability |
can |
I can run a kilometer in four minutes. |
Expressing decisions |
can |
We can meet at the gym tomorrow, if you like. |
Expressing ability in the past |
could |
I could already swim when I was five. |
Talking about possible actions now or in the future |
could |
When you are in Paris you could stay with Julia. |
Expressing unrealistic actions |
could |
I’m so hungry I could eat a sheep! |
Attention!
We use be able to for the infinitive and other tenses.
I’d love to be able to fit into these jeans again.
We use could for general ability. But if you speak about a specific case use was/were able to or managed to (not could).
The child was lost but they were able/managed to find him in the end.
See EGU: U26, pp.52-53, U27 (A,B,C), pp.54-55
Modals: permission.
Use |
Modal verb |
Example |
Asking for and giving permission |
May/ could/can |
May/Could/Can I talk to the manager, please? |
Attention! We don’t usually use a modal verb to talk about past permission.
e.g. We were allowed to use dictionaries during the test.
However, we do use could to talk about past permission in the reported speech.
See EGU: U37, pp.74-75
Modals: advice
Use |
Modal verb |
Example |
Asking for and giving advice |
should ought to |
You should/ought to go to bed early tonight. |
Attention!
For advice you can also use had better, which is similar to should but not exactly the same. We use had better only for a specific situation (not for things in general). You can use should in all types of situations to give an opinion or give advice:
e.g. It’s late. You’d better go./ You should go. (a specific situation)
Also, had better means there is always a danger or a problem if you don’t follow the advice.
e.g. The train leaves in 15 minutes. You’d better go now or you’ll be late.
See UGU: U33, pp.66-67, U35, pp.70-71.
Modals: obligation and necessity
Use |
Modal verb |
Example |
Expressing obligation or necessity |
must/have to/need to |
I must/have to/need to pick up the prescribed medicine from the chemist on the way home. |
Expressing lack of obligation or necessity |
needn’t/don’t have to/ don’t need to |
You needn’t/don’t have to/don’t need to pick up that prescription today. |
Expressing past obligation |
had to |
I had to take pills three times a day for two weeks |
Expressing lack of past obligation |
didn’t have to/didn’t need to |
I didn’t have to go to the doctor. |
Attention!
There is usually very little difference in meaning between must and have to. However, we are more likely to use must for personal obligation (making our own decision about what we must do) and have to for external obligation (someone else making a decision about what we must do).
We can also use will have to/will need to to express future obligation.
You’ll have to be more careful about what you eat in future.
It is unusual to use must for questions. We usually use have/need to.
Do I have to take this medicine before meal every day?
Mustn’t and don’t/doesn’t have to/need to have different meanings.
You mustn’t do that! (Don’t do that!)
You don’t have to/need to do that. (You can do that if you want but it’s not
necessary.
See EGU: U31-32, pp. 62-65
Modals: degrees of certainty
Use |
Modal verb |
Example |
Expressing certainty (or near certainty) |
must can’t couldn’t |
That must be the doctor at the door. These can’t/couldn’t be the pills; they are wrong colour. |
Expressing probability |
should ought to |
You should/ought to feel better in a few days if you get some rest. |
Expressing possibility |
could may might |
You should talk to your doctor first because this diet could/may/might be dangerous. |
See EGU: U28, pp.56-57, U29, pp.58-59.
Modality is about a speaker's attitude towards the world. A speaker or writer can express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity and ability by using modal words and expressions. Speakers often have different opinions about the same thing.
Often the same modal verb is used to express different meanings.
Meaning |
Verb |
Example |
Really certain |
will/ must/can't |
My birthday will be on Sunday this year. The cakes must be ready soon. They've been in the oven for fifty minutes. You can't be hungry. You had a huge lunch. |
Very likely |
should/ought to |
The traffic isn't heavy. We should/ought to be there in an hour. |
Possible |
may/might/could |
She may/might/could be a friend of Richard's. |
Strong obligation |
must/have to/need to |
You must arrive at 6 to pick up the tickets. I have to get up early twice a week. We need to win this game to get into the final. |
Weak obligation |
should/ought to |
Children should/ought to look after their parents in old age. |
No obligation |
needn't/don't need to/don't have to |
I needn't/don't need to/don't have to do it now. I'll do it later. |
Permission |
can/may/could/might |
Can/May I borrow the chair? You can/may go now if you've finished. Could we borrow the car? Might we have a little more time to finish the exam?(very formal) |
No permission |
can't/may not/must not |
You can't go in without a ticket. You may not enter while the exam is in progress. (formal) You must not leave your bike in front of the fire exit. |
Offer |
will/shall |
I'll help you. Don't worry. Shall I go and make dinner? |
Request |
will/would/could |
Will/would you close the door, please? Could you help me, please? |
Promise |
will |
I'll come back before 6. |
Decision |
will |
I think I'll eat later. I'm not hungry now. |
Advice and suggestion |
should |
You should apply for that job. |
Ability |
can/could |
Can you swim underwater? I could play tennis much better 10 years ago. |
General truth |
can/may |
Too much exercise can be bad for you. A list of verbs may be found at the back of the book. |
Question Patterns: