- •О. Л. Добрынина energy
- •Unit 1 environmental problems on the earth
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •1.2.4. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •1.2.5. What trends in the environment have been pointed out recently?
- •Prefixes
- •Discussion
- •Unit 2 laws of energy
- •Reading comprehension
- •Some useful information Energy units
- •Language study
- •Discussion
- •Unit 3 resources What keeps us alive?
- •What types of energy do we use?
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •Энергоресурсы
- •Discussion
- •Improving energy efficiency
- •How can we save energy?
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •2/3, 3/8, 1/5, 5/8, 1/10, 1/20, 3/10, 1/3, 3/5, 7/8.
- •Discussion
- •Unit 5 using solar energy to provide heat and electricity
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •The infinitive
- •Discussion
- •Unit 6 hydropower and wind energy
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •Discussion
- •Reading comprehension.
- •Language study.
- •The Modal Verbs and Their Equivalents
- •Discussion
- •Unit 8 nuclear energy
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •The Participle
- •Practice
- •Discussion
- •Unit 9 solutions: a sustainable energy strategy
- •Reading comprehension
- •Language study
- •The Gerund
- •Discussion
- •Unit 10 energy crisis
- •International conference
- •Reading comprehension
- •Discussion
- •Role play: the nuclear debate
- •Glossary
- •Main sources of information
- •185910, Г. Петрозаводск, пр. Ленина, 33
Reading comprehension
Exercise 4.1
What is energy efficiency? How much of the energy used in the US is wasted? What do you think is the situation in Russia?
What are three of the least efficient energy-using devices?
How can we slow down the flow of heat from a) a house, b) an office building?
What are the ways of saving energy a) in a house, b) in industry?
What are the advantages of saving energy in the homes and in industry?
What is a super insulated house?
Why do the Swedish homes save a lot of energy?
Language study
Exercise 4.2
Fractions and percentages.
Examples:
3/4 = three quarters = 75% = seventy five per cent.
2/5 = two fifth = 40% = forty per cent.
1/8 = one-eighth = 12.5% = twelve point five per cent.
Read the following aloud, first as fractions then as percentages:
2/3, 3/8, 1/5, 5/8, 1/10, 1/20, 3/10, 1/3, 3/5, 7/8.
If you know common endings for different word forms, you can improve your reading skills.
Exercise 4.3
Nouns: You can often recognize a noun by its suffix. Some common suffixes are:
-ance: assistance, resistance
-ant: assistant, servant
-ar, -er, -or: doctor, manager, insulator, amplifier
-ence, -ency: difference, efficiency, urgency
-ion, - sion, - tion: combustion, transportation, expression, conversion.
- ity, -ty : electricity, captivity, flexibility
-ment: achievement, development
-tude: multitude, gratitude
Adjectives describe nouns. Some common suffixes or endings are:
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a) Find in the text nouns and adjectives with these suffixes and translate them.
b) Analyze the structure of the words and translate them without a dictionary:
Unnecessarily, reconstruction, interrelation, overestimation, predetermined, unfavorable, countless, interdependent.
Exercise 4.4
Vocabulary development
Using a dictionary if necessary put the following words in the correct column below. Find other parts of speech, related to these words to fill in the chart. Two first have been done for you.
Example: believe (verb) – belief (noun) – (un) believable (adjective)
Exist, exhausting, useful, energy, productive, increased, development, wasteful, supplier, supportive, valuable, proof, cooperation, extension, knowledge, connected.
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Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
believe
belief
(un)believable
exist
existence
existing, existent
Exercise 4.5
Translate the words in parentheses.
By doing more useful work with less energy use we increase (отдача по энергии, к.п.д.).
The first law of energy states that energy can be (ни создана, ни уничтожена).
The second law of thermodynamics reads: «When energy is changed from one form to another, some of the (полезный) energy is always converted» (в менее полезную, более низкого качества энергию).
Living and working in (плохо изолированные здания) lead to waste of useful energy.
Using nuclear fuel to produce electricity for heating a house is (очень расточительно).
(Электростанции, работающие на угле) waste up to 66% of coal energy.
(Системы совместного производства тепла и энергии) are much more efficient.
(Неэффективные) electric motors (потребляют) about half of all electricity produced in the U.S.A.
(Превосходно изолированный дом) typically costs 5% more to build than conventional houses of the same size.
(Установка энергосберегающего освещения и окон) can improve the energy efficiency of our houses.
Exercise 4.6
Translate from Russian into English.
Жесткие стандарты энергосбережения позволяют сэкономить энергию для освещения и отопления зданий.
Электроприборы с высоким к.п.д. потребляют на 25-50% меньше электроэнергии, чем обычные.
Более эффективные лампочки окупаются за 2-4 года, замена 25 лампочек накаливания позволяет сэкономить до $ 1.500 за 10-летний срок службы.
Если учесть потери при производстве электроэнергии из ядерного топлива и энергию, необходимую для захоронения радиоактивных отходов и закрытие атомных электростанций, то общие потери энергии достигнут 90%.
Увеличение отдачи по энергии (к.п.д.) могло бы удлинить сроки использования ископаемого топлива и сократить объемы загрязнения окружающей среды.
Когда мы включаем лампочку накаливания, электроэнергия преобразуется в 5% полезного света и 95% тепла, которое неизбежно и без необходимости выделяется (is released) в окружающую среду.
Только около 16% энергии используется в США на выполнение полезной работы, остальные 84% или неизбежно теряются (41%) вследствие второго закона термодинамики, или тратятся впустую (43%).