V. Supplement.

Text 1

1. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.

Vocational education in ukraine

The, basic idea of the mo­dern school is implementation of the principle of combining education with productive work, linking school and life, and com­bination of general, polytechnic and vocational education in the secondary school. The major task of vocational and technical education of young people is to train cultured and technically qualified workers for all branches of the national economy. At the age of 15—16, all young people should engage in socially useful labour within their powers and all their further education should be associated with productive labour in the national economy. A well-balanced plan of the humanities and of polytechnic education will enable young people to make a correct choice of a career.

Polytechnic education gives the pupil an idea of what the key branches of modern industry and agriculture are. It gives him or her proficiency in a trade or profession. At lessons the pupil learns how the laws of natural and mathematical sciences are applied to modern production. In the school workshops the pupils master various operations and acquire labour habits, learn to know the technologi­cal properties of materials, the structure and use of certain hand and machine tools. During the excursions to industrial and agricultural enterprises the pupils observe various production processes. In rural schools the children acquire a basic know­ledge of plant-growing, stock-breeding and selection. They are also taught how to handle agricultural machines. Practice work on plots of land is included in the general syllabus of all rural schools.

2. Ask your friend direct or indirect questions on the text.

3. Fill the gaps with prepositions.

a) They are also taught how ... handle agricultural machines, b) A well-balanced plan ... the humanities and ... polytechnic education will enable young people ... make a correct choice ... a career, c) It gives him or her proficiency ... a trade or profession, d) Practice work ... plots ... land is included ... the general syllabus ... all rural schools, e) ... the age of 15—16, all young people should engage ... socially useful labour ... their powers and all their further education should be as­sociated ... productive labour ... the national economy.

Text 2

1. Render the text in Ukrainian.

THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE USA

In the United States the education system differs from state to state. In each school the principal, i.e. the headmaster, draws up curri­culum for each grade. There are many different kinds of schooling: public schools, private schools, parochial schools, schools special­izing in the arts, literature or science, etc. All American children aged 6 to 18 years (or 16 in some states) get free compulsory education. The most common system of education comprises: nursery school from 3 to 4 years; kindergar­ten (4—6 years); elementary school (6—12 years; 1^st—6^th grades); junior high school (12— 15 years; 7^th—9^th grades); senior high school (15—18 years; 10^th— 12^th grades).

In public schools the curriculum varies in each state, for instance the subjects New York State requires in the 7^th and 8^th grades are: English; social studies (history, geogra­phy, economics); science; maths; technical education; home and career skills; art and music; library skills; physical education (three times a week); health; foreign language. A typical school day starts at 8.30 or 9.00 a.m. and ends at about 3.30 p.m. In many schools a day still begins with a salute to the American flag. Lessons are normally held five days a week, from Monday to Friday.

In most American schools television is widely used in teaching and there are television channels which offer a wide range of new educational shows. They are free, most do not have commercials and some provide teachers' guides. The American magazine Newsweek has called a television set "the second blackboard" and "the teaching tube". Many states are encouraging the use of television in class. Some, like Virginia and South Carolina, produce their instructional shows and de­liver them via satellite.