Уч.Пособие IIIкурс

Министерство Российской Федерации

по делам гражданской обороны, чрезвычайным ситуациям и ликвидации последствий стихийных бедствий

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Академия гражданской защиты

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

для студентов III курса

авиационный английский язык

Химки – 2014

I

CONSTRUCTION OF AIRCRAFT

Active Vocabulary to Text A

The main components of an airplane can be divided into six main parts: fuselage, wings, empennage, flight controls, landing gear and nacelles.

The fuselage is the main body of the airplane and contains the pilot's compartment and passenger and baggage compartments. The pilot's compartment is also called a cockpit. The cockpit contains the flight controls and instruments. The larger part of the fuselage contains passenger seats or cargo space and usually some provision for baggage.

The wings are the main lifting surfaces which support the aircraft in flight, and they are attached to a strongly-built or stressed section of the fuselage.

The empennage consists of a vertical stabilizer and rudder and the horizontal stabilizer and elevators.

The main landing gear or wheels are attached by struts and braces to the fuselage and often to the wings outboard of the fuselage.

Some airplanes are equipped with pontoons or floats for landing on water and skis for landing on snow.

Nacelles are compartments housing the power plant or engine and its accessories.

Questions to Text A

1.What are the main components of an airplane?

2.What is the main body of the airplane?

3.Where are the baggage compartment situated?

4.Does the fuselage contain the pilot's compartment?

5.What is the pilot's compartment called?

6.Does the cockpit contain the flight controls and instruments?

7.Why are the wings are the main lifting surfaces?

8.What are the main parts of empennage?

9.Some airplanes are equipped with floats, aren't they?

10.What are the nacelles?

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Text B

Helicopter

The improvement of aviation machinery of EMERCOM of Russia contributes to the maintenance and development of domestic aviation rescue technologies. For example, by request of the EMERCOM of Russia a rescue helicopter light class Ka-226А was developed. That helicopter helps in particularly difficult conditions for the transporting victims to the clinic, patrol the main highways and environmental monitoring.

A helicopter is a type of the aircraft that uses rotating or spinning wings called blades to fly. Unlike an airplane, a helicopter has wings that move. A helicopter's rotating blades or a rotor allow it to do things an airplane cannot.

In order to fly, an object must have "lift," a force moving it upward. Lift is usually made by wings. Wings are curved on top and flatter on the bottom. This shape is called an airfoil. That shape makes air flow over the top faster than under the bottom. As a result, there is less air pressure on top of the wing; this causes suction and makes the wing move up.

An airplane must fly fast to move enough air over its wings to provide lift. A helicopter moves air over its rotor by spinning its blades. A helicopter can take off or land without a runway. It can turn in the air in ways airplanes cannot. Unlike an airplane, a helicopter can fly backwards or sideways. It also can hover in one spot in the air without moving. This makes helicopters ideal for things an airplane cannot do. For example, a

helicopter can pick someone with a medical problem up where there is no runway. It can then land in a small area on top of a hospital.

Helicopters can be used for many things. They can be used as flying ambulances to carry patients. They can be loaded with water to fight large fires. Military forces use helicopters to attack targets on the ground and move troops. Helicopters are used to get supplies to ships. Helicopters can be used to transport large objects from place to place. Helicopters can rescue people in hard-to-reach places like mountains or in rough seas. Television and radio stations use helicopters to fly over cities and report on traffic. These uses are just some of the many things that can be done with helicopters.

Safety of aviation machinery fully depends on the work of Air Traffic Controllers.

Active Vocabulary to Text B

Questions to Text B

1.What contributes to the maintenance and development of rescue technologies?

2.What is a helicopter?

3.Does a helicopter have wings?

4.What's the difference between a helicopter and an airplane?

5.Can a helicopter take off or land without a runway?

6.What can a helicopter do but an airplane can't?

7.Helicopters can be used as flying ambulances to carry patients, cannot they?

8.Can a helicopter do a military work?

9.Can a helicopter help in everyday life and how?

10.What's the main mission of Air Traffic Controllers?

FLIGHT BEHAVIOUR OF AIRCRAFT

Active Vocabulary to Text A

Text A

Aircraft instruments

Aircraft instruments are basically devices for obtaining information about the aircraft and its environment, and for presenting that information to the pilot in a concise form. Their purpose is to detect, measure, record, process and analise the variables encountered in flying an aircraft. They are mainly electrical, electronic or gyroscopic. They are concerned with the behaviour of the engines, the speed, height and attitude of the aircraft and its whereabouts.

Instruments Concerned with Flight Information

Height. An instrument for measuring and showing height above a level of reference is called an altimeter. It is basically an extremely sensitive aneroid barometer which measures static pressure at the height

the aircraft is flying and, according to the difference between this and the pressure at a predetermined reference level, indicates height above reference level.

Vertical Speed. The rate of change in altitude is measured and shown by a vertical speed indicator. This indicates the speed of climb (ascent) or descent (dive or glide).

Horizontal Airspeed. Horizontal airspeed is measured and shown by an airspeed indicator (ASI). The ASI is an aneroid capsule which measures the difference between static pressure and the pressure inside an openended tube, called Pitot tube, usually situated on or underneath the nose of the aircraft.

Turning Characteristics. Aircraft turning characteristics can be measured and shown by a simple device known as a turn-bank indicator.

Attitude. The attitude of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth is shown by an "artificial" or "gyro" horizon. There is a horizon bar on the instrument that always remains parallel to the surface of the earth.

Direction. An elementary direction-measuring instrument is a simple magnetic compass which may, however, be inaccurate by a degree or two in straight and level flight and much more inaccurate in turns.

Questions to Text A

1.What are the aircraft instruments?

2.What is the purpose of the aircraft instruments?

3.How are they classified?

4.Are they concerned with the behaviour of the engines, the speed, height and attitude of the aircraft and its whereabouts?

5.What are the main instruments concerned with flight information?

6.Is an altimeter an instrument for measuring or showing height ?

7.Does the vertical speed indicate the speed of climb or descent?

8.What is the horizontal speed measured by?

9.The attitude of an aircraft relative to the surface of the earth is shown by an "artificial" or "gyro" horizon, isn't it?

10.What is an elementary direction-measuring instrument?

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Text B

Cockpit instruments

Instruments Concerned with Propulsion Information

Speed. Engine speeds are measured and shown on rpm indicators which measure the revolutions per minute of the main rotor in each engine.

Temperature. The temperature of each engine on an aircraft is measured and shown on a temperature indicator.

Pressure. A manifold pressure gauge is an instrument for measuring the absolute pressure in the induction system (a branched pipe for distributing air or a mixture to a number of cylinders) at a point standardized for each engine.

Instruments Concerned with Information about Fuel

Fuel Content. Fuel tank contents indicators show how much fuel the aircraft has left at any moment of time.

Fuel Flow. The fuel consumption of each engine is measured by fuel flowmeters calibrated in kilos per minute.

Instruments Concerned with Information about

Conditions on the Outside of the Airframe

Temperature. The outside air temperature (OAT) gauge gives the pilot general information about the temperature of the air immediately surrounding the airframe.

Pressure. It is important to know the pressure inside the passenger cabin because it must be neither too high nor too low for human comfort. It is also important to know the difference between the air pressure outside the cabin and the air pressure inside it because it represents a force exerted in normal circumstances in an outwards direction.

Instruments Concerned with Information about the Aircraft's

Electrical System

Voltage. Direct current and alternating current voltages are measured and shown by AC and DC voltmeters. Where information is required only periodically from a number of points it is usual to have only one voltmeter with a device for selecting each point of measurement as required.

Current. The instrument that measures an electric current in amperes is called an ammeter.

We may summarize the nature of information presented by aicraft instruments as