Уч.Пособие IIIкурс

APPROACH AND LANDING

Active Vocabulary to Text A

Text A

Approach

Approach(APP) is the descent of an aircraft towards the place where it

intends to land.

The approach and landing phase is the busiest and most demanding phase

of flight. Attention must be divided among flying the airplane, navigating to the proper position for pattern entry or initiation of the instrument approach, and communicating with ATC.

Depending on speed of the aircraft, availability of weather information, and the complexity of the approach procedure or special terrain avoidance procedures for the airport of intended landing, the inflight planning phase of an instrument approach can begin far from the destination. Some of the approach planning should be accomplished during preflight. In general, there are five steps that most operators incorporate into their Flight Standards manuals for the inflight planning phase of an instrument approach:

•Gathering weather information, field conditions, and Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) for the runway of intended landing.

•Calculation of performance data, approach speeds, and thrust power settings.

•Flight deck navigation/communication and automation setup.

•Instrument approach procedure (IAP) review and, for flight crews, IAP briefing.

•Operational review and, for flight crews, operational briefing.

Determining the suitability of a specific IAP can be a very complex task, since there are many factors that can limit the usability of a particular approach. There are several questions that pilots need to answer during preflight planning and prior to commencing an approach. Is the approach procedure authorized for the company? Is the weather appropriate for the approach? Is the aircraft currently at a weight that will allow it the

necessary performance for the approach and landing or go around/missed approach? Is the aircraft properly equipped for the approach? Is the flight crew qualified and current for the approach? etc.

Once the approach briefing has been completed, it is time for the pilot to focus attention to the proper execution of the approach and landing. However, even a thoroughly planned approach demands a high level of concentration. The stall/spin accident continues to be one of the most common and most deadly accidents to occur during the approach phase of flight. The pilot’s primary responsibility is to operate the airplane safely within its performance envelope.

Questions to Text A

1.What is approach?

2.Is it the busiest phase of flight?

3.What should be accomplished during preflight?

4.Are there five steps that most operators incorporate into their Flight Standards manuals for the inflight planning phase of an instrument approach?

5.Should the ATC/pilot be concerned about weather information?

6.What is IAP?

7.Is IAP a very complex task?

8.What questions do the pilots need to answer?

9.Even a thoroughly planned approach demands a high level of concentration, doesn't it?

10. What are the most common and most deadly accidents to occur during the approach phase of flight?

Text B

Landing

Any locality either on land, water, or structures, including airports/heliports and intermediate landing fields, which is used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of aircraft whether or not facilities are provided for the shelter, servicing, or for receiving or discharging passengers or cargo is called landing area.

Landing is the act of setting an aircraft onto the ground or another surface such as ice or water after the flight.

En route controllers monitor aircraft once they leave an airport’s airspace. They work at air route traffic control centers located throughout the country, which typically are not located at airports.

Each center is assigned an airspace based on the geography and altitude of the area in which it is located. As an airplane approaches and flies through a center’s airspace, en route controllers guide the airplane along its route. They may adjust the flight path of aircraft for safety and collision avoidance.

As an airplane goes along its route, en route controllers hand the plane off to the next center, approach control, or tower along the path, as needed. En route controllers pay special attention to aircraft as they descend and get closer to the busier airspace around an airport. En route controllers turn the aircraft over to the airport’s approach controllers when the aircraft is about 50 miles from the airport.

As the aircraft approaches its destination, the en route center organizes the traffic into several streams and flows the traffic towards the airport.

The center will “hand off” responsibility for the aircraft to the approach controller located in the same room as the departure controllers and will adjust the aircraft’s speed, altitude and flight path by issuing instructions to the pilot. Once an aircraft has been cleared for the approach, responsibility for the aircraft is transferred to the local controller.

The local controller in the airport tower checks the runways and the skies above the runways with binoculars and surface radar (local and ground controllers are the only controllers licensed to use visual information in performing their duties). When the local controller determines that it is safe, he or she gives the pilot clearance to land. The local controller also updates weather conditions for the pilot and monitors the spacing between the plane and other landing aircraft.

Once the aircraft landed, the local controller directs the plane to an exit taxiway, tells the pilot the new radio frequency for the ground controller and passes the plane off to the ground controller.

The ground controller watches the runways and taxiways and uses ground radar information to ensure that the taxiing aircraft does not cross

active runways or interfere with ground vehicles. He or she directs the plane to the appropriate terminal gate. Ground personnel from the airline use hand signals to assist the pilot in parking the airplane at the gate.

Every aircraft type possesses its own special characteristics. Fortunately test pilots have already carefully studied these, and the results are enshrined in the aircraft type's pilot operating handbook. The handbook will recommend the best speed of approach and give vital information on all phases of flight and aircraft operation.

Active Vocabulary to Text B

Questions to Text B

1.What is landing?

2.What area is called landing area?

3.Do en route controllers or ground controllers monitor aircraft once they

leave an airport’s airspace?

4.How long en route controllers guide the airplane?

5.To whom en route controller hand the plane off?

6.What does the en route center organize as the aircraft approaches its destination?

7.When is the aircraft transferred to the local controller?

8.When the local controller determines that it is safe, he or she gives the pilot clearance to land, doesn't he/she?

9.Who use hand signals?

10.What is the name of the main pilot's book?

APPENDIX

Flight Deck

Flight deck is a compartment that contains navigation equipment and controls and from which the crew pilots the aircraft.

It contains:

air data computer

computer that calculates the flight parameters (speed, altitude and course);

transponder

instruments that, with the autopilot, control the engine power and guide the

aircraft on its

course;

first officer’s seat

right seat occupied by the copilot, who is second in command;

flap lever

control stick that activates the wing slats and the trailing edge flaps control console

component located between the two seats that contains part of the instrumentation;

communication panels

panel for selecting radio frequencies on which pilots can send or receive;

captain’s seat

left seat occupied by the pilot, who is in charge of the flight and the crew;

systems display

screen that controls various systems, such as air pressure and the electric and

hydraulic circuits;

engine fuel valves

knobs for opening and shutting the fuel supply to the engines; throttles

control levers for the engines; they regulate speed and thrust; speedbrake lever

command stick that releases the wing flaps to brake the aircraft immediately

after landing;

control wheel

lever that activates the control column from back to front and from side to side;

control column

steering component that causes an aircraft to bank to the left or to the right and

to ascend or descend;

primary flight display

screen that shows the main parameters necessary for piloting

(aircraft’s position in relation to the horizon, altitude and course); navigation display

screen that shows the aircraft’s position and flight plan and weather conditions;

standby altimeter

instrument that shows the vertical distance between the aircraft and the ground; it is used in the event the flight display fails;

standby airspeed indicator

instrument that shows the aircraft’s speed; it is used in the event the flight

display fails;

standby attitude indicator

screen that shows the aircraft’s position in relation to the horizon; it is used in the event the flight display fails;

windshield

highly durable pane made of glass and plastic that provides good visibility;

engine and crew alarm display

screen that controls the engines and displays alarm signals in the event of system failure;

autopilot controls

device that enables the aircraft to be piloted and kept on course automatically;

landing gear lever

control for lowering and raising the landing gear; overhead switch panel

panel made up of the switches that cut the hydraulic, electric and fuel circuits;

lighting

device that diffuses light over a shelf on which the pilots place navigation charts;

speaker

integrated device that relays audible messages such as alarms to the pilots.