- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1 History of Geodesy
- •Chapter II Figure of the Earth Part 1
- •Figure of the Earth Part 2
- •Ellipsoid of Revolution
- •Chapter III Geodetic Surveying Techniques
- •Horizontal Positioning
- •Triangulation
- •Text 10
- •Orders of Triangulation
- •Text 11
- •Trilateration
- •Text 12
- •Traverse
- •Text 13
- •Celestial Techniques
- •Text 14
- •Vertical Positioning
- •Text 15
- •Chapter IV Geodetic Systems
- •Text 16
- •Orientation of Ellipsoid to Geoid
- •Text 17
- •Text 18
- •Text 19
- •Text 20
- •Text 21
- •Text 22
- •Text 23
- •Text 24
- •Text 25
- •Text 26
- •Chapter V Physical Geodesy
- •Text 27
- •Text 28
- •Text 29
- •Text 30
- •Text 31
- •Text 32
- •Text 33
- •Text 34
- •Text 35
- •Text 36
- •Chapter VI Satellite Geodesy
- •Text 37
- •Text 38
- •Text 39
- •Text 40
- •Text 41
- •Text 42
- •Chapter VII Other Developments in Geodesy
- •Text 43
- •Text 44
- •Text 45
- •Text 46
- •Text 47
- •Text 48
- •Text 49
- •Chapter VIII The World Geodetic System
- •Text 50
- •Text 51
- •Text 52
Text 34
Выражения:
in other words immediate vicinity under consideration |
Undulation and Deflections by the Gravimetric Method
The method providing the basis from which the undulations of the geoid may be determined from gravity data was published in 1849 by a British scientist, Sir George Gabriel Stokes. However, the lack of observed gravity data prevented its application until recent years. In 1928, the Dutch scientist, Vening Meinesz, developed the formulas by which the gravimetric deflection of the vertical (Figure 22) can be computed.
The computation of the undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical require extensive gravity observations. The areas immediately surrounding the computation point require a dense coverage of gravity observations and detailed data must be obtained out to distances of about 500 miles. A less dense network is required for the remaining portion of the earth. While the observational requirements for these computations appear enormous, the results well justify the necessary survey work.
Figure 23 shows how the mass surplus of the mountains and the mass deficiency of the oceans cause the deflections of the vertical and the undulations of the geoid. A mountain mass attracts the plumb line from the normal of the ellipsoid. Likewise the mass deficiency of the ocean does not attract the plumb line. These effects of the mass anomalies contribute to the deflection of the vertical. However, both deflections of the vertical and undulation values result from density variations throughout the earth. In the area of mass surplus, the observed gravity (reduced to sea level considering only the elevation) is generally greater than the theoretical value, and the anomalies are positive. In the areas of mass deficiency, the observed (reduced in the same manner) is generally smaller than the theoretical value and the anomalies are negative (Figure 24).
The deflections and undulations computed with sufficient gravity information are considered absolute values referred to an earth-centered reference ellipsoid. In other words, the axis of rotation for the ellipsoid passes through the earth's center of gravity.
Effective use of the gravimetric method is dependent only of the availability of anomalies in sufficient quantity to achieve the accuracy desired. Successful use of Stoke's integral and Vening-Meinesz formulas depends on a good knowledge of gravity anomalies in the immediate vicinity of the point under consideration and a general knowledge of anomalies for the entire earth.
Text 35
Выражения:
by no means
|
Geophysical Gravity Predictions
Measured gravity coverage is by no means complete. There are many large regions on the continents where gravity measurements are lacking or available only in small quantities. Gravity data for ocean areas has always been sparse; however, Satellite Altimetry (Chapter VII) has overcome this deficiency. In regions where an insufficient number of gravity measurements exists, some other approach must be used to obtain or predict the mean gravity anomalies for the areas.
Correlations exist between variations in the gravity anomaly field and corresponding variations in geological, crustal, and upper mantle structure, regional and local topography and various other types of related geophysical data. In many areas where gravity information is sparse or missing, geological and geophysical data is available. Therefore, the various prediction methods take into account the actual geological and geophysical cause of gravity anomalies to predict the magnitude of the anomalies.