- •2. The connection of lexicology with phonetics, stylistics, grammar.
- •3. The Structural Aspects of the word.
- •4. A brief Account of the main characteristics of a word.
- •5. The main problems of Lexicology
- •14. Native element of English vocabulary.
- •15. The 1st and ancient Latin borrowing
- •16. Celtic and Scandinavian borrowings
- •17. Norman and Parisian borrowings.
- •18. Italian, Portugal, Spanish borrowings.
- •Italian borrowings.(at the end of renaissance)
- •19. Some facts about Etymological structure of English vocabulary.
- •20. Stages of assimilation.
- •1. Fully assimilated words.
- •2. Partially assimilated words.
- •3. Non-assimilated words.
- •21. Conditions and reasons of borrowings.
- •22. International words.
- •23. Etymological doublets.
- •24. Translation loans.
- •25. Affixation. Morpeme. Free and Bound form. Functional and derivational affixes. Suffixes, Prefixes, Roots.
- •26. Affixation. Productive, Partially-productive, Non-productive, Dead affixes.
- •27. Affixation. Valency of affixes. Allomorphs.
- •28. Conversion. Reasons of wide-spread development of conversion.
- •29. Substantivation.
- •30. Composition. Several Aspects of compounds.
- •31. Structural Aspect.
- •32. Semantic Aspect.
- •33. Semi-affixes.
- •34. Shortenings.
- •35. Minor types of word-building.
27. Affixation. Valency of affixes. Allomorphs.
Valency is essential feature of affixes, their combining power. The possibility of a particular stem taking a particular affix depends on phonomorphological, morphological and semantic factors. E.g: suffixes –ance/ence occur only after b,t,d,dz,v,l.(insistence), but not after s,z (conservation).
Allomorph is a term, used to denote elements of a group, whose members constitute a structural unit of the language. They don’t differ in meaning but show a slight difference in sound form. An allomorph is a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment and characterized by complementary distribution (when 2 linguistic variants can’t appear in the same environment).
28. Conversion. Reasons of wide-spread development of conversion.
Conversion is process of coining a new word with different distribution characteristics without adding any derivative element, so that the basic form of the original and the basic form of derived word are homonymous. E.g.: to find – a find, печь – печь.
Reasons:
The analytical structure of modern English.
The simplicity of paradigms of English parts of speech, that is the absence of morphological elements serves as classifying signals. E.g.: finger (noun) – linger (verb) – longer (adjective) – longer (adverb).
A great number of one-syllable words.
29. Substantivation.
It is such case when word with an adjective stem has the paradigm of a noun. E.g.: a private, the private uniform, a group of privates. It is also the result of ellipsis when a word combination with a semantically strong attribute loses its semantically weak noun. The degree can be different. There exist complete substantivation (e.g.: a criminal, criminals, a criminal mistake, criminals’); partial (substantivised adjective or participle denotes a group or a class of people. E.g.: the blind, the poor, the dead, the rich. These words undergo no morphological changes; so they are used with the definite article, possess a collective mean.).
30. Composition. Several Aspects of compounds.
Composition is a type of word building in which new words are produced by combining 2 or more stems. There are 3 aspects of composition: structural, semantic, theoretical.
31. Structural Aspect.
3 types of compounds:
Neutral – the process of compounding takes place without any linking element by a mere juxtaposition of 2 stems (armchair, breakwater). Neutral compounds are subdivided into: simple (consist of simple affixless stem); derived (have affixes in at least one constituate: blue-eyed, newcomer); contracted (have a shortened stem in their structure: T-shirt, FBI-agent); compounds where at least one of the constituance is a compound stem (wastepaper-basket, cornflower-blue).
Morphological – 2 compounding stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant (statesman, handicraft).
Syntactic – the components represent segments of speech preserving in their structure numerous traces of sintagmatic relations (do-all, free-for-all, good-for-nothing, son-in-low.).