I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

а) Действительный залог

1. The importance of scientific research is growing with every day.

2. A group of seven engineers has worked out the technology for producing a

new alloy.

3. There are only two kinds of energy transfer – wave motion and particle

motion.

4. By that time Niels Bohr had already accepted Rutherford’s model of the atom.

b) Страдательный залог

1. The data of the latest research in this field of science are often referred to.

2. Gold is not affected by moisture.

3. The laboratory of our Institute was given a new task.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ).

1. The only force acting on a freely falling body in vacuum is gravity.

2. When placed over a fire, a substance becomes hot.

3. Steam is usually generated in a boiler heated by fire.

4. While studying the properties of electrons atomic physicists solved many

other problems.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

1. Radio waves can be used for different purposes.

2. Ultra-violet radiation may produce ionization.

3. They will be able to create the necessary conditions in the laboratory.

4. The experiments must be conducted at room temperature.

5. The experiments are to clarify this point of view.

6. The constituents of this compound had to be determined at very low

temperatures.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

KONSTANTIN TSIOLKOVSKY ( 1857 – 1935 )

1. K.E. Tsiolkovsky was born near Ryasan, south of Moscow in 1857. In his childhood he began to take interest in physics and mathematics.

2. In 1895 he began to mention space flights in his papers and in 1898 he wrote about the necessity for liquid-fuel rocket engines. His first work dealing with the fundamentals of rocket propulsion was written in 1898, but it was published only five years later. Thus, it took approximately two hundred years for someone to formulate a practical application of Newton’s law of action versus reaction.

3. In 1903 Tsiolkovsky began a series of articles for an aviation magazine in which he went into theory of rocketry quite thoroughly, and on this his reputation as a pioneer of space flight rests. He wrote of space suits, satellites and the colonization of the solar system and was the first to suggest space station. By the 1930s he was a well-known scientist in the Soviet Union. At this time the country was already interested in some sort of space program.

4. Two very important contributions were offered by Tsiolkovsky: the notion of multi-stage rockets and the idea of using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen as fuel.

5. The tombstone on Tsiolkovsky’s grave carries the message “Mankind will not remain tied to earth forever” and so it proved. Twenty two years after his death the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite and Sputnik made a wonderful memorial for this great man. Tsiolkovsky died in Kaluga in 1935.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

а) Действительный залог

1. The special application of light has led to the development of lasers and

masers.

2. The scientists are working on an interesting problem for obtaining power from

atom.

3. Before Newton’s time, however, such great scientists as Copernicus, Gallilei

and Kepler had discussed gravitation.

b) Страдательный залог

1. Most waves are reflected from metals.

2. The delegation of foreign specialists was shown the new electronic equipment

of our lab.

3. They will be given new interesting data by the end of the month.

4. The parts of this device are acted upon by more than two forces.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ).

1. Electrical energy used in our homes is often converted into heat and light.

2. All objects surrounding us are composed of different substances.

3. If produced by friction heat is usually considered as useless work.

4. Passing through the air alpha-particles ionize it.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

1. Polymers can be used for making different things.

2. Energy is never destroyed: one form of energy may be converted into another.

3. They will be able to improve the experimental conditions in their laboratory.

4. This complicated process must result in the release of energy.

5. The mixture is to be heated before the experiment.

6. The laboratory assistant had to alter the experimental conditions.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

SERGEY KOROLYOV ( 1906 – 1966 )

1. Korolyov’s biography is the concretization of the history of our land in one man. And at the same time he was always a little ahead; he was outstripping his day and outstripped it during all his life.

2. The name of Sergey Korolyov will forever be associated with one of the greatest achievements of science and technology of all times – the dawn of the age of space exploration by man. He was a leading designer of rocket and space systems which ensured success in the initial stages of investigation of outer space.

3. Korolyov’s devotion to his work, unusual gifts as a scientist and designer, his energy and outstanding organizational abilities played a major role in resolving the complex scientific and technical problems that stood in the path of development of rocket and space technology. He possessed enormous talent and boldness of scientific and engineering vision and this contributed to the realization of the most complicated scientific and technological projects.

4. Many of Academician Korolyov’s ideas were widely applied and extended in rocket and space engineering. He trained many scientists and engineers who are working today in various scientific and design organizations.

5. All his life Korolyov was working and devoted his whole life to selfless service to his homeland, to the development of an advanced science and technology.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

а) Действительный залог

1. Industry has developed various applications for the electromagnet.

2. Newton had established his law of gravitation before 1670.

3. The application of electronics is changing the entire life of the people.

4. There were many explanations of the phenomenon of light.

b) Страдательный залог

1. They were given the wrong data of the experiment.

2. The speaker was asked a number of difficult questions.

3. Today polymers are referred to as materials of vital importance.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ).

1. The forces acting between atoms within a molecule are very great.

2. When placed in a strong magnetic field iron becomes magnetized.

3. Heat produced from electric energy often heats our homes.

4. While speaking of strength it must be noted that strength is not the same as

stiffness.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

1. A body can be accelerated only if a force is applied to it.

2. Objects may reflect most of one colour, half of another colour and a small

percentage of some others.

3. Nobody will be able to measure the density of this substance without a

special device.

4. In our experiments the initial substances must be chemically pure.

5. The aim of the study is to provide definite results as soon as possible.

6. The force acting upon the body had to be determined.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

ANDREY SAKHAROV

1. Andrey Sakharov, the outstanding nuclear physicist, was born in Moscow, Russia on May 14. He won a doctorate at the age of 26 and was admitted as a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences at age 32.

2. Having invented the deadly weapon, nevertheless, Andrey Sakharov was an outspoken advocate of human rights, civil liberties and reforms in the country. As a prominent Soviet scientist, he was accorded luxuries and honors. But in 1961 he went on record against the plan to test a 100-megaton hydrogen bomb in the atmosphere, fearing the effects of widespread radioactive fallout. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, but in 1975 the Soviet scientist had to overcome many obstacles in his way for world recognition and awards.

3. In 1968 Sakharov published in the West his essay “Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom”, in which he called for nuclear arms reductions and criticized the increasing repression of Soviet dissidents.

4. In December 1979, with his denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and his call for a world boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games, he was silenced. He was not able to publish his works in his country.

5. A year later, the Soviet government stripped him of his honors and exiled him to the closed city of Gorky ( now Nizhny Novgorod ). M. S. Gorbachev in 1986 released Sakharov and let him return to Moscow.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

а) Действительный залог

1. The use of metals is based upon their physical or chemical properties.

2. There are many properties that man has found useful in his application of

electromagnetic waves.

3. The flow of electrons in one direction results in an electric current.

4. The energy sources of the world are decreasing while the energy needs of the

world are increasing.

б) Страдательный залог

1. The isotopes of the element hydrogen were given individual names.

2. Electronics is usually thought of as that part of electricity which deals with

vacuum tubes and transistors.

3. The behaviour of metals is greatly affected by the changes in temperature.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ).

1. The Celsius scale ( шкала Цельсия ) is the scale used in most scientific

experiments.

2. When heated to a certain temperature, water increases in volume.

3. The motion of the boiling water is caused by the bubbles of vapour rising

through the water.

4. While testing the operation of the system engineers used different kinds of

equipment.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

1. Artificial light can be produced in several ways.

2. This process may be affected by other factors.

3. You will be able to explain the disagreement between these results.

4. Much fuel must always produce much heat.

5. The old machines in this shop are to be replaced by next year.

6. The defects in this metal construction had to be detected by means of X-ray

examination.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

ERNST MACH ( 1838 – 1916 )

1. Ernst Mach, an outstanding Austrian physicist, was born on the 18^th of February, 1838 in Turas, Moravia ( now Czech Republic ). He was the son of a schoolteacher who moved with his family to Vienna while Ernst was still a baby. His training was in physics, and he obtained his doctor’s degree in that subject at the University of Vienna in 1895.

2. However, he was strongly influenced by psychophysics and became a philosopher of science. He elaborated the notion that all knowledge was a matter of sensation. Mach’s philosophy was not greeted with any enthusiasm in his time. More than thirty years later Mach’s idealistic theory was analyzed and criticized.

3. Mach is best known now for his experiments on airflow, in which he was the first to take note of the sudden change in the nature of the airflow over a moving object as it reaches the speed of sound. Consequently, the speed of sound in air, under given conditions of temperature is called Mach 1. Twice the speed of sound is Mach 2, and so on. After the war, planes approached the speed of sound ( 740 miles an hour ) or Mach 1. In the age of supersonic air travel, Mach numbers ( a phrase first used in 1925 ) fill the public prints.

4. Ernst Mach died in Germany, on the 19^th February, 1916.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №2.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите видовременную форму и залог сказуемого.

а) Действительный залог

1. Scientists have found ways of measuring the sizes and positions of bodies in

the Universe.

2. While the Earth is making one complete rotation on its axis, it is also

traveling in its orbit around the Sun.

3. Scientists had solved many interesting problems by the end of the 19^th

century.

b) Страдательный залог

1. Atoms are grouped in various ways to make molecules.

2. Iron is referred to as the most important metal of our metallic age.

3. The name “electron” was given to the small negative particle discovered by

Thomson.

4. The ignition was followed by combustion.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения. Определите функции причастий ( Participle I, Participle II ).

1. At the center of the atom, and forming its nucleus, there are one or more

positively charged particles or protons.

2. When electrified a body may repel as well as attract different objects.

3. Heat gained by one substance is heat lost by another.

4. Another promising method to produce high-energy particles is based on

superconductivity.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами.

1. Infra-red waves can be stopped by glass.

2. Energy release may do some useful work.

3. Soon we’ll be able to understand many phenomena which occur on the solar

surface.

4. Today the scientists must concentrate their attention on the production of

artificial materials.

5. The samples are to be analyzed at our laboratory.

6. The laboratory assistant had to check up the readings of the recorder

several times.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 3-й абзацы текста.

YURY GAGARIN ( 1934 – 1968 )

1. In the 1960s satellites were traveling at speeds approaching Mach 25. It was only a matter of time before men were placed in them. In the Soviet Union and in the USA men were undergoing training for this purpose. They were called cosmonauts in the Soviet Union and astronauts in the United States.

2. The first man to fly into space was Yury Gagarin. On Wednesday, April 12, 1961 at 9.07 a.m. Moscow time, the sputnik-spaceship “Vostok” was launched into space with a man on board. This man was the first cosmonaut, Yury Gagarin.

3. Yury Gagarin, the son of a carpenter, was born near Gzhatsk ( now Gagarin ), Smolensk region on the 9^th of March, 1934. His early education was interrupted by the war. After the war he attended a vocational school and then a technical industrial school. His interest in flying led him to the Orenburg Flying School from which he graduated with honors as an air force lieutenant in 1957. After serving as a test pilot, he joined the group of cosmonauts in training for orbital flight and it was upon him that the choice fell in 1961.

4. On April 12, 1961, Gagarin became the first man placed in orbit around the Earth. He remained in orbit 1 hour and 48 minutes, rising as high above the surface as 187,66 miles and traveling at a velocity that reached 17,000 miles an hour. So on April 12, 1961, mankind entered a new era – the era of mastering space age.

5. Yury Gagarin died tragically in an airplane crash near Kirzhach on the 27^th of March, 196

CONTROL WORKN 3

Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу N 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованному учебнику.

1. Многофункциональность глаголов “to be” и “to have”

2. Многозначность английских слов “one”, “that”, “it”

3. Неличные формы глагола – герундий (Gerund),причастия настоящего времени(Participle I) и инфинитива(Infinitive): функции и перевод.

I. Многофункциональность глагола to be.

Present Past Future

Am, is are was, were will be

В предложении глагол to beможет быть:

1. смысловым глаголом со значением быть, находиться.В настоящем времени ”to be” в этом случае часто не переводится.

2. Связкой в составном именном сказуемом со значениембыть, являться, состоять, заключаться,когда за ним следует существительное с предлогомof, прилагательное, числительное.

Physics is a natural science. Физика – естественная наука

Thecalculationswill beveryРасчеты будут очень сложными.

сomplicated

This problem was of great Эта проблема представляла для

interestforusнас очень большой интерес

После слов aim, purpose (цель). task(задача) и др. инфинитив смыслового глагола употребляется с частицейto

Our task is to finish the test by 7 Наша задача–закончить (заключается

o’clock. в том, чтобы закончить) испытание

к 7 часам.

3. модальным со значением должен. В этом случае за ним

следует инфинитив смыслового глагола(глагол с частицей

“to”)

We are to prepare everything for the Мы должны все подготовить к

experiment. опыту.

He was to get the data yesterday. Он должен был получить эти данные

вчера.

4. вспомогательным для образования:

а) времен группы Continuousв сочетании сParticiple I.(Все глаголы

переводятся на русский язык глаголами несовершенного вида.

She is working now. Она работает сейчас.

She was working all the day yesterday. Она работала весь день вчера

б) страдательного залогав сочетанииParticiple II.

He is (was, will be) asked to make Eго просят (просили, попросят)

a report. сделать доклад

The house is being built now. Дом строится (строят) сейчас.

Note: глагол“to be” может входить в состав оборота“there be” и употребляться во всех временах. Оборот переводится:быть, находиться, иметься, существовать,причем начинать перевод следует с обстоятельства места или времени. Внастоящем времениглагол-сказуемое частоне переводится.

There aredifferentkindsofbarometersandthermometers.

Имеются (существуют) различные виды барометров и термометров.

There area lot of research institutes in our city.

В нашем городе – (есть) много научно-исследовательских институтов.

There weremany reactions which helped us to solve the problem.

Происходило (было) много реакций, которые помогли нам решить проблему.