If the temperature is low, Если температура будет низкой,

the reaction will proceed slowly. реакция будет проходить медленно.

2 Сложное предложение относится к настоящему или будущему времени.

В главном предложенииупотребляются глаголыshould, would или could + простой инфинитив (глагол без частицы to).

В условном придаточном предложениисказуемоеупотребляется впростом прошедшем времени (Ved или V2f).

На русский язык сказуемое в главном и придаточном предложениях переводится с частицей бы.

We should test the device Мы бы проверили этот прибор

if we got it. еслибы получили его.

He could complete the test Он бы мог закончить проверку

if he had time (today, tomorrow). еслибыу негобыловремя.

2. Сложное предложение относится к прошедшему времени.

Bглавном предложениипосле глаголовshould, would и couldстоитперфектный инфинитив (have+Ved илиV3f)

в условномпредложениисказуемое употребляется вPast Perfect(had+VedилиV3f).

На русский язык сказуемое в главном и придаточном предложениях переводится с частицей бы.

He would have used the device, Он бы использовал этот прибор,

if it had been order. если бы он был в порядке.

I could have come to the conference, Я бы мог прийти на конференцию,

provided I had been in town. (lastweek). если бы был в городе.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 1.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. New kinds of computers are expected to perform calculations with great

precision.

2. The designer expected the electronic computer to perform over ten thousand

operations every second.

3. We want this machinery to be used at our shop.

4. Under these conditions the output of the plant is likely to increase.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Having used a laser beam, scientists obtained accurate calculation of Jupiter’s

temperature.

2. The engineers of our Institute having developed a new type of semiconductor

laser, it was tested at several plants.

3. All machines that have been built by man have some energy “loss”, this

energy being converted into useless heat due to friction.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. If a free electron were in a vacuum within the electric field set up between

positive and negative electrodes, the negatively charged electron would be

attracted to the positive electrode.

2. If we had tested this material, we would have used it in our construction.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

HISTORY OF TRANSPORT

1. Transportation takes us where we want to go, and brings us nearly everything we eat, wear, and use in daily life. Day and night swift airlines speed passengers through the sky. Long trains roar across the countryside carrying passengers, mail and such products as food, livestock and coal. Automobiles, buses and huge trucks rumble along the streets and highways.

2. Developments in transportation have cut travel time greatly in the past 200 years. In 1800 it often took a businessman a month to travel by sailing ship from London to New York City. Today we can travel this distance by jet airliner in only a few hours. Modern transportation also makes it possible to travel in comfort. Many of today’s trains have soft, reclining seats. Air conditioning may keep the air clean and cool and dining cars serve tasty meals.

3. Transportation would not be possible without communication. It depends on communication just as communication depends on transportation. Automobiles and trucks could not travel on crowded streets and highways without street signs and traffic lights. Automatic block signals and other means of communication enable railroads to operate safely. Airplanes could not land and take off safely without radio, radar and other electronic communication devices.

4. Without transportation our modern society could not exist. We would have no meals, no coal and no oil. Besides we would have to spend most of our time raising food – and the food would be limited to the kinds that could grow in the climate and soil of our own neighborhoods.

5. Transportation also affects our lives in other ways. Transportation can speed a doctor to the side of a sick person. It can take policemen to the scene of a crime within moments of being notified. In times of disaster, transportation can rush aid to persons in areas stricken by floods, famines and earthquakes.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 2.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Electronics is thought to be a young science.

2. The electric generator is known to be a machine that converts mechanical

energy into electrical energy.

3. We assume these charts to give accurate results for such sections which are

reinforced in tension or compression.

4. Such method of making drawings requires every size of the object to be

divided by the proportion of the scale.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. There being no other traffic, the driver can maintain a constant speed of

90 km/hr.

2. Technique having reached a high stage of development, new methods of

work became possible.

3. Having discovered rich deposits of iron-ore people began to construct an iron

and steel works in this district.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. Provided the geologists used the necessary instruments, the measurement

would be correct.

2. If the operator’s cabin had been equipped with remote control, he would have

been able to work faster and with greater precision.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

KINDS OF TRANSPORTATION

1. There are three main kinds of transportation: land, water and air. Each has advantages and disadvantages. For example, trucks and trains can operate in storms that may ground airplanes or keep ships in harbors. Weather and geographical conditions may also determine the type of transportation used in a region.

2. On land the chief forms of transportation are automobiles, railroads, trucks and pipelines.

Automobiles provide the most important means of passenger travel in the USA and Canada. The automobile also is important in land transportation in Western Europe and some other parts of the world.

Railroads haul about half of the freight and pipeline transport a little less than a fifth.

3. Other means of land transport include buses, streetcars, electric elevated trains, subway trains, motorcycles, etc. Buses serve as a main means of transporting people between cities in many parts of the world and also within larger cities and towns. People in some countries use motorcycles, motor scooters and bicycles as widely as Americans use automobiles.

4. On water transportation follows chief routes: on lakes, on rivers and across oceans. The USA and Canada are the only countries with the advantage of a system of inland waterways like the Great Lakes. River transportation provides cheap, efficient water transportation for much of the heart of the country. Ocean serves as the main artery of transportation between continents.

5. Jet airlines enable travelers to eat breakfast in New York City and have dinner in London. Airplanes usually follow the shortest route between two points because they can fly over mountains and water barriers. Helicopters are also important in air transportation.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 3.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We know a laser to be a device that stimulates the electrons of a light-

producing material to vibrate simultaneously giving off a light with

tremendous energy.

2. Lasers are known to have found an application in the printing industry.

3. Light waves are now believed to be due to the motions of electrons themselves

within the atoms.

4. Chemical investigation has shown each element to combine with another only

in definite proportions.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. The first laser having been built about 30 years ago, scientists developed

several types of lasers.

2. Having developed quantum generators called lasers, scientists are looking for

practical use for a new kind of ray which is millions of times brighter than the

Sun.

3. Semiconductor lasers are able to transform electric energy directly into light

wave energy, this property of semiconductor lasers opening up new

possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. If the Earth had no atmosphere, its heated surface would quickly radiate back

into space all the energy which reaches it from the Sun.

2. Had the checking up of the experimental data not taken so much time, we

should have completed our work long ago.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

LASER

1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology and in the nature of productive labour.

2. The laser can cure diseases. It has become indispensable as a means of space communication. Its beam produces a sharp picture on the TV screen. Moreover, it can increase the size of the TV screen to that of a modern cinema. The laser cuts steel, pierces hard alloys and diamonds and drills holes through them a few microns in diameter.

3. Nevertheless, the laser no doubt has innumerable other applications which we are still to discover.

4. Let us begin with optical methods of data processing. Technological progress calls for ( требовать ) ever more efficient electronic computers. Multipurpose computers capable of performing more than ten million operations per second have already been designed and built. Laser devices will apparently make it possible to build extremely fast computer elements capable of doing up to a thousand million operations a second.

5. Today the enterprises are producing a number of machine tools and automatic devices intended for production lines. The machine tools for working jewel bearings for the watch industry and diamond files for wire drawing are now used on a wide scale. These machine tools bring a substantial economic effect. Machine tools employing carbon dioxide lasers for cutting quartz and glass pipes and for crystal and glass engraving are being introduced into industry. Lasers have found an application in the printing industry.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 4.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The application of plastics enables the railway to receive light and strong cars

with good resistance to mechanical damage.

2. We heard the operation experts demand the reduction of the overall weight of

vehicles ( транспортные средства ).

3. This type of engine is said to have some advantages.

4. Plastics used in transport are supposed to have no special reinforcement.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Zinc being the cheapest metal with a strong tendency to lose electrons, we

commonly use it for the production of electric current.

2. Electrical machines perform a giant’s share of the work done today, this share

steadily increasing.

3. Having obtained new devices the researchers could make complex

experiments.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. If somebody wants to design a car of the advanced type, he must take into

account the properties of some of the new materials.

2. Had there been better conditions, the construction of the new car body would

have been finished much earlier.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE CAR OF THE FUTURE

1. It is safe to predict that in the near future most cars will use the internal combustion engine and burn petrol. At the present rate of production oil supplies will run out in about fifty years, and we will have to look for other sources of energy. That is one of the most important aspects of the problem, another being the damage that exhaust fumes do to the environment and health of the people, especially in the towns.

2. What kind of vehicle will eventually take over? ( приходить на смену ) At present there is a lot of talk about electric cars, for they have the advantage of giving off no exhaust fumes. The electric car has a long history. The first cars were built at the end of the last century but they could not compete against the internal combustion engine.

3. They have several disadvantages. First, we have no really suitable batteries – they tend to be too heavy, take a long time to charge, have too small capacity and a relatively short life.

4. So scientists and engineers are looking for better storage batteries and cells, and ways of using energy more economically and recharging batteries during deceleration.

5. Today thermal power-stations burning coal and oil, the resources of which are not inexhaustible, give a considerable proportion of the total electric power output. Water power is also limited, and at present the output of atomic power-stations is still insignificant, and one cannot tell yet if they and future thermonuclear power-stations will ever meet the world needs of motor transport. Therefore, car manufacturers are looking for other energy and fuel sources.

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ №4.

ВАРИАНТ 5.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, принимая во внимание, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Automation is known to have speed up both the development of rocket

production and that of nuclear energy.

2. The new system of automatic control is likely to be used in the near future.

3. We know the existence of life on Earth to depend upon the continuous receipt

of enormous quantities of energy from the Sun.

4. In recent years we have seen vast new progress take place in space research.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships

employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.

2. Having made a great many observations during their flights, cosmonauts

successfully fulfilled their programme.

3. Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being

widely used in space research.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения условия.

1. A great number of stones lying on the Moon’s surface proved that the lunar

ground was firm enough and would not sink, if it were stepped on, walked

across or put heavy weight upon.

2. It would have been impossible to launch space rockets, if we had not had the

necessary polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст на русский язык.

THE ORBITAL STATIONS OF THE FUTURE

1. Long-term orbital research stations are very useful to scientists today for weather forecasting, agriculture, geology, sea and air transport and for protecting the environment.

2. A modern long-term orbital station is a research laboratory in space, where the researches can be done that are quite unconceivable on Earth.

3. Take physics. Because there is no atmosphere in space, physicists can study cosmic rays, carry out experiments that may help discover new nuclear reactions and elementary particles.

4. Then, too, in weightlessness we could get purer materials. When molten metal cools off on the Earth, the density will always be slightly uneven because the surrounding temperature is uneven while gravity upsets the structural balance by distorting the crystallization leaving us with an imperfect end product. In space these problems are avoided, there is no gravity and no atmosphere, so the quality of crystals is sharply improved.

5. The crystals grown in weightlessness are extra pure substances which can be used for semiconductors, lasers, computer engineering and in medicine. There will be space observatories too – the research is already under way. From orbit one can watch the development of cyclones and typhoons, predict when they will strike and give an advance warning.

Приложение 1

Таблица неправильных глаголов

№	Ist form	IInd form	IIId form	Lexical
	Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Past Participle	Meaning
1	TO AWAKE	AWOKE	AWOKE	БУДИТЬ
		AWAKED	AWAKED
2	TO BE	WAS, WERE	BEEN	БЫТЬ, НАХОДИТЬСЯ
3	TO BECOME	BECAME	BECOME	СТАНОВИТЬСЯ
4	TO BEGIN	BEGAN	BEGUN	НАЧИНАТЬСЯ
5	TO BLOW	BLEW	BLOWN	ДУТЬ
6	TO BREAK	BROKE	BROKEN	БИТЬ, РАЗБИВАТЬ
7	TO BRING	BROUGHT	BROUGHT	ПРИНОСИТЬ
8	TO BUILD	BUILT	BUILT	СТРОИТЬ
9	TO BURN	BURNT	BURNT	ГОРЕТЬ
10	TO BURST	BURST	BURST	РАЗРЫВАТЬ(СЯ)
11	TO BUY	BOUGHT	BOUGHT	ПОКУПАТЬ
12	TO CATCH	CAUGHT	CAUGHT	ПОЙМАТЬ, ЛОВИТЬ
13	TO CHOOSE	CHOSE	CHOSEN	ВЫБИРАТЬ
14	TO COME	CAME	COME	ПРИХОДИТЬ
15	TO COST	COST	COST	СТОИТЬ
16	TO CUT	CUT	CUT	РЕЗАТЬ, СТРИЧЬ
17	TO DO	DID	DONE	ДЕЛАТЬ
18	TO DRAW	DREW	DRAWN	РИСОВАТЬ, ТАЩИТЬ
19	TO DREAM	DREAMT	DREAMT	ВИДЕТЬ СНЫ, МЕЧТАТЬ
		DREAMED	DREAMED
20	TO DRINK	DRANK	DRUNK	ПИТЬ
21	TO DRIVE	DROVE	DRIVEN	ЕХАТЬ, ВЕЗТИ, ГНАТЬ
22	TO EAT	ATE	EATEN	ЕСТЬ, КУШАТЬ
23	TO FALL	FELL	FALLEN	ПАДАТЬ
24	TO FEEL	FELT	FELT	ЧУВСТВОВАТЬ
25	TO FIND	FOUND	FOUND	НАХОДИТЬ, ОБНАРУЖИВАТЬ
26	TO FLY	FLEW	FLOWN	ЛЕТАТЬ
27	TO FORGET	FORGOT	FORGOTTEN	ЗАБЫВАТЬ
28	TO FREEZE	FROZE	FROZEN	ЗАМЕРЗАТЬ
29	TO GET	GOT	GOT	ДОСТАВАТЬ, ПОЛУЧАТЬ
30	TO GIVE	GAVE	GIVEN	ДАВАТЬ
31	TO GO	WENT	GONE	ХОДИТЬ, ИДТИ
32	TO GROW	GREW	GROWN	РАСТИ
33	TO HANG	HUNG	HUNG	ВЕШАТЬ, ВИСЕТЬ
34	TO HAVE	HAD	HAD	ИМЕТЬ
35	TO HEAR	HEARD	HEARD	СЛЫШАТЬ
36	TO HOLD	HELD	HELD	ДЕРЖАТЬ
37	TO HURT	HURT	HURT	ПОВРЕДИТЬ
38	TO KEEP	KEPT	KEPT	ДЕРЖАТЬ, ХРАНИТЬ
39	TO KNIT	KNIT	KNIT	ВЯЗАТЬ
		KNITTED	KNITTED
40	TO KNOW	KNEW	KNOWN	ЗНАТЬ
41	TO LAY	LAID	LAID	КЛАСТЬ, ПОЛОЖИТЬ
42	TO LEAD	LED	LED	ВЕСТИ, РУКОВОДИТЬ
43	TO LEAN	LEANT	LEANT	НАКЛОНЯТЬ(СЯ)
		LEANED	LEANED
44	TO LEARN	LEARNT	LEARNT	УЧИТЬ, ИЗУЧАТЬ
		LEARNED	LEARNED
45	TO LEAVE	LEFT	LEFT	ПОКИДАТЬ, УЕЗЖАТЬ, УХОДИТЬ
46	TO LET	LET	LET	ПОЗВОЛИТЬ, РАЗРЕШИТЬ
47	TO LIE	LAY	LAIN	ЛЕЖАТЬ
48	TO LOSE	LOST	LOST	ТЕРЯТЬ
49	TO MAKE	MADE	MADE	ДЕЛАТЬ, ЗАСТАВЛЯТЬ
50	TO MEAN	MEANT	MEANT	ИМЕТЬ В ВИДУ, ЗНАЧИТЬ
51	TO MEET	MET	MET	ВСТРЕЧАТЬ(СЯ)
52	TO PUT	PUT	PUT	ПОЛОЖИТЬ, КЛАСТЬ
53	TO READ	READ	READ	ЧИТАТЬ
54	TO RIDE	RODE	RIDDEN	ЕХАТЬ ВЕРХОМ, ЕХАТЬ В…
55	TO RING	RANG	RUNG	ЗВОНИТЬ, ЗВЕНЕТЬ
56	TO RISE	ROSE	RISEN	ПОДНИМАТЬСЯ
57	TO RUN	RAN	RUN	БЕГАТЬ
58	TO SAY	SAID	SAID	СКАЗАТЬ, ГОВОРИТЬ
59	TO SEE	SAW	SEEN	ВИДЕТЬ, СМОТРЕТЬ
60	TO SELL	SOLD	SOLD	ПРОДАВАТЬ
61	TO SEND	SENT	SENT	ПОСЫЛАТЬ
62	TO SET	SET	SET	СТАВИТЬ, САДИТЬСЯ, ЗАХОДИТЬ
63	TO SEW	SEWED	SEWED	ШИТЬ
			SEWN
64	TO SHAKE	SHOOK	SHAKEN	ТРЯСТИ (СЬ)
65	TO SHAVE	SHAVED	SHAVED	БРИТЬ (СЯ).
			SHAVEN
66	TO SHINE	SHONE	SHONE	СВЕТИТЬ (СЯ)
67	TO SHOOT	SHOT	SHOT	СТРЕЛЯТЬ
68	TO SHOW	SHOWED	SHOWED	ПОКАЗЫВАТЬ
			SHOWN
69	TO SHUT	SHUT	SHUT	ЗАКРЫВАТЬ
70	TO SING	SANG	SUNG	ПЕТЬ
71	TO SIT	SAT	SAT	СИДЕТЬ
72	TO SLEEP	SLEPT	SLEPT	СПАТЬ
72	TO SPEAK	SPOKE	SPOKEN	ГОВОРИТЬ, ВЫСТУПАТЬ
74	TO SPELL	SPELT	SPELT	ГОВОРИТЬ БУКВАМ
		SPELLED	SPELLED
75	TO SPEND	SPENT	SPENT	ТРАТИТЬ, ПРОВОДИТЬ
76	TO SPREAD	SPREAD	SPREAD	ПРОСТИРАТЬСЯ, РАСКИНУТЬ (СЯ)
77	TO STAND	STOOD	STOOD	СТОЯТЬ
78	TO STEAL	STOLE	STOLEN	КРАСТЬ
79	TO STRIKE	STRUCK	STRUCK	БИТЬ, УДАРЯТЬ
80	TO SWEEP	SWEPT	SWEPT	ПОДМЕТАТЬ
80	TO SWIM	SWAM	SWUM	ПЛАВАТЬ
82	TO TAKE	TOOK	TAKEN	БРАТЬ, ВЗЯТЬ
83	TO TEACH	TAUGHT	TAUGHT	УЧИТЬ, ОБУЧАТЬ
84	TO TEAR	TORE	TORN	РВАТЬ
85	TO TELL	TOLD	TOLD	ГОВОРИТЬ, РАССКАЗЫВАТЬ
86	TO THINK	THOUGHT.	THOUGHT	ДУМАТЬ, ПОЛАГАТЬ
87	TO THROW	THREW	THROWN	БРОСАТЬ
88	TO UNDERSTAND	UNDERSTOOD	UNDERSTOOD	ПОНИМАТЬ
89	TO WAKE	WOKE	WOKEN	БУДИТЬ ПРОСЫПАТЬСЯ
		WAKED	WAKED
90	TO WEAR	WORE	WORN	НОСИТЬ
91	TO WIN	WON	WON	ПОБЕЖДАТЬ, ВЫИГРЫВАТЬ
92	TO WIND	WOUND	WOUND	ЗАВОДИТЬ (ЧАСЫ)
93	TO WRITE	WROTE	WRITTEN	ПИСАТЬ

Приложение 2

Таблица времен английского глагола .