anglysky_dlya_gornykh_inzhenerov

country rock коренная

(основная) порода distinctive properties

отличительные свойства malleable ['mseliabl] metal ковкий металл

5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корня ми соответствующих слов в русском языке. Пе реведите их:

the problems of searching for economically useful mineral deposits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctive physical properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief; geochemical me thods of prospecting; areas of increased concentration of particular elements; the biological (hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; aerial magnetic and gamma surveys; geological interpretation of the data; the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerial photography

6. Прочитайте текст А. Скажите, что должно быть в центре внимания геолога при разведке новых месторождений.

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Unit 7 _________________________________________ 167

ТЕКСТА

Prospecting

Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extrac ting

and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the min - ing activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which in-

volves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize

and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include undergroun d

or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.

As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by

man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful

mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to

prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving

are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.

Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineral-

ization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties.

For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow

metal. -Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were

deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a

piece of iron.

As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.

The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information o n a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the ge ological

investigatio ns to be made. It also indicates whether it is

available to continue the exploration or not.

Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.

General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topo -

graphical relief, the type of ground and its general natural condi - tions. Thus, in mountaino us regions where fissures were formed

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during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary depos - its would be expected.

Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found i n sedimentary formations

mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other

hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.

At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:

1.Surface geological and mineralogical prospecting such as panning.

2.Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.

3.Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to

be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Be sides, successful development of space research has made it possible to

explore the Earth's resources from space by satellites.

In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

7. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1.The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called proving.

2.Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of min eral deposits.

3.The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.

4.The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of ore deposits.

5.As a rule prospecting includes four stages.

6.The study of general topo graphical relief and the type . of

ground makes it possible to e xpose this or that deposit.

7.Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a particular type of ground.

8.As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.

8.Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1.What is prospecting?

2.What is proving?

3.How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century?

4.Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal or as a heavy dark-grey one?

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Unit 7 ______________________________________________ 169

5.What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?

6.What does prospecting work provide?

7.What are the three main stages of prospecting?

8.Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality

for exposing this or that mineral?

9.What methods of prospecting do you know?

10.What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting

now?

9.а) Найдите • правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

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170 _______________________________________________ Unit 7

1. The search for pr ima ry go ld depos its ca n be made by metallometric methods of prospecting.

2.The main aim of geological prospecting is to search for eco nomically useful deposits.

3.Geologists study geological prospecting maps drawn up on the bas is o f the p re liminar y searc h a nd fore cast o f the poss ib le

occurrence of new deposits.

4.The study of the character of a locality in the area of search will help determine prospecting methods to be used.

5.Prospecting work provides information on the cost of the geological investigations. It indicates how much these investigations

cost and whether it is advisable to continue the exploration.

6.Geologists use geophysical methods.

7.As is known, the use of certain bacteria helps search for oil

and gas.

12. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя приведенные слова:

a)l. ... deals with a complex range of geological, mining and economic problems. Its main task is to determine the quality, shape and mode of occurrence of minera l deposits and the ir main properties.

2.Exploration includes drilling and driving of ... openings. These ... openings can supply the most accurate information on the mineral exposed by them.

3.While ... a deposit the geologists establish its general size, determine shape, dimensions and quality.

4.The geological party was sent to ... a new deposit.

6)1. In recent years combined geophysical ... by air has been used on a wide scale.

2. In modern ... automation is being used in recording the field measurements.

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Unit 7 _________________________________________ 171

3.Now the ... need only to set up the instrument in the field and it will do all recordings automatically.

4.Laser is being used by mine ... now.

5.Underground working can be ... by modern methods.

store stored storing

в) Earth is not entirely without energy resources of its own. There is a large amount of heat energy ... in its molten interior. There is also both kinetic and potential energy ... in the Earth-Moon-Sun system. In addition, a relatively small amount of solar energy has been ... in the carbon atoms of the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). A potentially much larger energy reserve is ... in the nuclei of the very light and the very heavy elements. Wind, ocean currents and the evaporation of water only temporarily ... energy. It is known that there are different methods of... energy. ... tidal energy has not provided much to the total energy supply yet.

13. Переведете пред ложения, обрати внмише и ввфнпгн

я) в функция определения:

1.The geological investigations to be carried out include field prospecting and exploration.

2.The geological and physica l conditions of the seam to be

worked include its thickness, depth, hardness, etc.

3.The possibility of making direct observations in workings de pends on the mining system to be applied.

4.The work of geologists at mines has its own specific character

and its own range of problems to be solved during the exploitation of the deposit.

5. The main points to be observed during the driving of openings are the mode of occurrence of the minera l body, country rocks exposed by the openings, the type of fissuring and folding, etc.

6) в фу нкции обст оят ельст в* цели:

1.То estimate a nickel ore the geologists must know how the nickel is distributed.

2.Geochemical methods are applied at different stages of geo logical investigations, and are used to establish the general mineral

ization of rocks.

3. To explore certain types of deposits geophysical methods have long been used. In coal basins these methods are used chie fly to study folded and faulted structures.

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14. Найдите в тексте А предложения, в которых употребляется инфвввт» в функции 1) подлежащего, 2) определения • 3) обстоятельства

целя. Переведите предложения.

15. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов:

prospecting from aircraft and helicopters; the choice of the method; both ...

and; the search for new mineral deposits; ground and aerial methods of prospectIng; to be recognized easily; to depend on the type of the deposit; to be widely used; natural conditions; to crop out

1.Одной из главных задач геологической разведки является поиск новых месторождений полезных ископаемых.

2.В настоящее время используются как наземные методы (геологической) разведки, так и разведка с воздуха.

3.Выбор метода разработки зависит от типа месторождения, которое будет разрабатываться. Он зависит также от природных

условий.

4.Так как месторождение выходит на поверхность, оно было легко обнаружено геологами.

5.Сейчас широко применяется разведка с самолета или

вертолета.

16. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста А. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

It seems to be wrong; on the contrary; to my mind; In my opinion; as far as I know; as Is known; I'd like to say that

1.Prospecting and proving (exploration) do not differ at all.

2.The knowledge of the type of ground of the prospecting area is quite enough to find this or that mineral deposit.

3.Coal seams are always found in crystalline (igneous) rocks while veins occur in sedimentary formations.

4.At present great consideration is given to surface (ground) and mineralogical methods of prospecting.

17.Суммируйте содержание текста А, используя активную лексику

текста.

18.Продолжите диалог. Используйте активную лексику урока, а также разговорные формулы.

A.: What method of prospecting do you think to be the most

effective?

В.: I suppose ... because ... but I think not only this method ...

A.: I agree with you, but it is necessary to say that...

В.: I see. And what's your opinion on ...

A.: ......

В.: ......

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ГРАММАТИКА

Инфинитивные обороты

Инфинитивный оборот «сложное подлежащее» представляет собой следующую конструкцию:

подлежащего_______ was thought

На русский язык эт от инфинит ивный об орот переводится сложноподч иненным предложением. Сказуемое английского

пред ложения (is said, is known и др.) переводится неопределен ноличным глаголом во мн. ч. говорят, сооб щают и т.д., за которым

следует придат очное дополнительное пред ложение с сою зом

что, причем инфинит ив становится сказуемым эт ого придаточного предложения.

«Сложным подлежащ им» называют также сочетание гла -

голов to seem/to appear казаться, to prove оказываться, to happen оказываться и прилагательных likely вероятный, unlikely

маловероятный, sure вероятный с инфинитивом:

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На русский язык инфинитивный оборот «сложное дополнение» часто переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением, вводимым словами что, как, чтобы.

Инфинитив смыслового глагола употребляется с частицей to

после глаголов want/would like хотеть, know знать, think/believe/consider полагать, считать, expect ожидать:

После глаголов, обозначающих чувства и восприятие, и некоторых других инфинитив употребляется без to (feel чувство-

вать, hear слышать, see видеть, watch наблюдать, notice замечать, make заставлять и др.):

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[aij — strike, find, type, line, 'neither

fei] — aid, vein, 'neighbour, de'tail, shape, case [ou] — slope, close, low, both

20. Прочитайте следующие слова я сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух • постарайтесь запомнить их.

to make use (of) использовать, применять

to take Into consideration принимать во внимание; syn take Into account

21. а) Образуйте от следующих прилагательных наречия с суффиксом -fy и переведите их:

accurate, chief, ulfferont, easy, exact, geological, ma in, particular, practical, proper, slight

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