Case 2:

The patient is at the dentist. He asks for a recommendation for his problem. A dentist is ready to give him a helping hand and to solve his problem.

Case 1:

You are seeking help on the street.

Exercise 6: Play the dialogue and make similar one:

Dialogue

Dentist: Mrs. Pearl: Dentist: Mrs. Pearl: Dentist: Mrs. Pearl: Dentist: Mrs. Pearl: Dentist: Mrs. Pearl: Dentist: Mrs. Pearl: Dentist: Mrs. Pearl:

Hello, Mrs. Pearl. Please, come with me. Sit down. What’s the problem? I have a toothache on the left upper side. How long have you had it? For about three days. I have a feeling that it’s loose. I’m afraid it’s about to drop out. Let me have a look at it. Open your mouth wide, please. I’ll take an X-ray. Good. There is a rather deep cavity on the right side of the tooth. Will you have to pull the tooth? Now I can drill the tooth. You don’t feel any pain, do you? No, I don’t. I’d suggest that – besides the usual filling – we put a crown on your tooth that can save it. I’ll put a temporary crown today. The permanent crown will be ready in about 10 days. Is it all right with you? If you think it’s the only way to save the tooth, then go ahead. I realize a crown is rather expensive. But what’s to be done? Okay. You can eat in two hours. Thank you, doctor.

Exercise 7: Give all possible variants of expressing the same idea:

1. What’s the matter? 2. I suffer from toothache. 3. I’ll have my tooth X-rayed. 4. Will you have your tooth out? 5. Are you all right? 6. I have no pain.

Part III. Reading

Exercise 8: Before reading the text answer some questions:

1. What systems does our body consist of?

2. Give your own definition of the term “human body”.

3. Why do you think it’s necessary for a dentist to know about body organ systems and their functions?

Exercise 9: Before reading the text explain some words: voluntary muscle, involuntary muscle, metabolism.

Exercise 10: Study Active Vocabulary of the text “How the Body Works?” and read it.

How the body works? active vocabulary of the text

protein	['prəutiːn]	протеин, белок
carbohydrate	[ˌkɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]	углевод
repair	[rɪ'peə]	восстановление
digestive system	[daɪ'ʤestɪv 'sɪstəm]	система пищеварения
circulatory system	[ˌsɜːkju'leɪt(ə)rɪ]	кровеносная система
endocrine system	['endəukraɪn]	эндокринная система
to respond (to)	[rɪ'spɔnd]	отвечать
muscular system	['mʌskjulə]	мышечная система
muscle	['mʌsl]	мышца
tissue	['tɪsjuː]	ткань
tighten up	['taɪt(ə)n]	сжиматься
spinal cord	['spaɪn(ə)l kɔːd]	спинной мозг

The human body is made up of several organ systems that all work together as a unit to make sure the body keeps functioning. There are ten major organ systems in the body, each of which plays a different role in helping the body work.

The circulatory system is the body’s transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that is concerned with circulating blood to deliver oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body.

The purpose of the digestive system is to turn the food you eat into something useful for the body, i.e. into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth and repair.

The endocrine system is made up of a collection of glands that regulates, coordinates, and controls a number of body functions by secreting chemicals into the bloodstream. These secretions help control moods, growth and development, and metabolism.

The immune system is our body’s defense system against infections and diseases. Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products work together to respond to dangerous organisms (like viruses or bacteria) and substances that may enter the body from the environment.

The muscular system is made up of muscle tissue that works with the skeletal system to control movements of the body. Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers that work in a simple way: they tighten up and relax. Muscles can be voluntary (like the ones in your arms and legs) and involuntary (like the ones in your stomach, heart, intestines and other organs).

The skeletal system provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting and protecting our bodies, allowing bodily movement, producing blood cells, and storing minerals.

The nervous system is the control center of the human body. It is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It receives and interprets stimuli and transmits impulses to organs. Your brain uses the information it receives to coordinate all of your actions and reactions.

The human reproductive system ensures that humans are able to reproduce and survive as a species.

The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body.

The purpose of the urinary system is to filter out excess fluid and other substances from your bloodstream.

Summary: Out body is a complex structure that consists of 10 main systems that all work together as a unit to make sure the body keeps functioning.

Exercise 11: Answer the following questions.

1. What are the major organ systems of our body?

2. What is carried by the blood stream?

3. What is the main function of the digestive system?

4. What does the nervous system consist of?

5. What are the functions of the skeletal and muscular systems?

6. How does the brain work?

7. What system is responsible for filtration of excess fluid from the body?

Exercise 12: Examine the list of body systems below and name each system. Try to remember the organs within each system. Use the dictionary for the correct pronunciation of the words.

System	Organs
___________________________	mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
___________________________	kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
___________________________	nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs
___________________________	thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus gland
___________________________	brain, spinal cord, nerves
___________________________	heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
___________________________	muscles
___________________________	bones and joints