Понимание структуры и значения предложений с глаголом-сказуемым в страдательном залоге

Задание 1. а) Прочитайте данные предложения, найдите в них сказуемое и назовите его.

e.g.	Sucrose is obtained from the stem of the sugar cane.

1. Salt is used to preserve meat.

2. Units of weight are very simply tied to the units of volume.

3. Tea of coffee are better taken after meals.

4. Milk and butter are needed every day.

5. Typical English sandwiches are made of white, brown, or nut bread.

6. Some part of vitamins is lost in cooking potatoes.

7. Eggs are collected on a moving conveyor belt.

8. International trade in food was practiced in the ancient world.

9. New foods are not always given an immediate welcome.

10. Perhaps one day some of the world’s sugar will be produced from waste timber.

б) Перечитайте данные предложения и назовите слово(а), обозначающее(ие), на кого (что) направлено действие, и сказуемое к ним.

e.g.	Sucrose is obtained.

Задание 2. Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания, и запишите их.

e.g.	to grow, yeast, allowed, in the solution, is, of sugar Yeast is allowed to grow in the solution of sugar.

1. are, many, ways, wines, classified, in.

2. in the tropics, is, the, grown, cocoa tree.

3. in steel vessels, carried out, sterilization, usually, is.

4. as a drink, was, chocolate, prepared, in the early days, always.

5. mechanized, most processes, fully, are, now, in the baking industry.

6. based on, the structure, the milling process, is, of the wheat kernel.

7. is, from the root, beet sugar, of the sugar beet, obtained.

Задание 3. Прочитайте следующие предложения и выберите слово или словосочетание, соответствующее по смыслу сказуемому, письменно поясните, используя избранное слово или словосочетание, что хотел сказать автор; руководствуйтесь образцом.

e.g.	Starch is provided by most plants. (supplies; comes from) In other words, starch comes from most plants.

1. A decimal system of weights and measures was proposed in France as early as 1670.

1. appeared in

2. came to

2. Animal proteins are sometimes called “the body-builders”.

1. become

2. have a name

3. Both growth and health are affected by a person’s diet.

1. influence

2. depend on

4. Babies fed on the cow’s milk are given some cod-liver oil each day from the age of four weeks to two years.

1. produce

2. receive

5. The nutritive value of foods is influenced by their preparation and cooking.

1. depends on

2. determines

6. In the water solution of sugar with yeast sugar is converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

1. turns to

2. disappears

7. Food is composed of three main groups of constituents, carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

1. consists of

2. requires

8. Carbohydrates are obtained from vegetable sources.

1. get

2. come

9. Vitamin D is concerned with the laying down of calcium and phosphorus in the bones.

1. interferes

2. helps

10. Shade is provided by other trees to protect cocoa trees from direct sun and wind.

1. comes from

2. supplies

11. Alchemy was much influenced by ideas of the East about magic and astrology.

1. was under the influence of

2. had influence on

12. The discovery of radioactivity by Bueckuerel in 1896 was followed by the discovery of radium by Madame Curie.

1. came before

2. came after

13. In pasteurization the heat treatment is followed by rapid cooling.

1. comes after

2. comes before

Задание 4. Установление смысловой функции предлога “by”. Предлог “by” чаще всего означает: