4. Modal verbs and their equivalents (модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты)

значение	Present	Past	Future
	can	could	will/shall be able to
Физическая или умственная способность	I can skate. – я умею кататься на коньках.	I could skate. – я мог кататься на коньках.	I'll be able to skate there. – я смог там кататься на коньках.
	may	Was allowed to, were allowed to	will/shall be allowed to
Разрешение совершить действие	You may go home. – вы можете идти домой.	I was allowed to go home. – я могла идти домой. (мне разрешили…)	You will be allowed to go home. – вы сможете идти домой. (Вам разрешат…)
	must	-	-
Моральный долг, долженствование	I must do it now. – я должен это сделать.
	Have to, has to	Had to	will/shall have to
	I have to help him. – я вынужден помочь ему.	I had to go there. – я вынужден был./Мне пришлось пойти туда.	He will have to go there. – вам нужно будет/придется пойти туда.

5. Неопределенные местоимения some, any.

Some – какой-нибудь, некоторый, несколько.	Any – какой-нибудь
В утвержденных предложениях	В вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях
There are some books on the table.	Any problems? Any – любой, в утвержденных предложениях.

6. Present, Past, Future Perfect

(Настоящее, прошедшее и будущее совершенное время)

Образование: to have + Participle II смыслового глагола

Present (just, already)	Have, has done
Past (yesterday by 5 o'clock)	Had done
Future (tomorrow by 5 o'clock)	will/shall have done

Вариант 1

1. Переведите текст и выполните следующие за ним упражнения:

MARKETING

Marketing is the performance of business activities connected with the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers. Marketing includes the following operations: transporting, storing, pricing and selling goods. The most important thing in marketing is finding out who the customers are and what they want. Marketing is the process of having the right product at the right time in the right place, the process that brings mutual benefit to customers and vendors.

Transporting means carrying goods from the place of their production to the place of their selling.

Storing is necessary because the consumer desires to buy goods without waiting.

Pricing involves the art of determining what price is the best.

Selling involves helping consumers to discover their needs. Marketing should inform potential buyers of where goods can be bought and how much they cost.

Marketing research is also very important. The following are steps in marketing research: defining the problem, collecting data, compiling data and analyzing the results, advertising.

Marketing operations are very expensive and one should consider the value added through marketing.

2. Найдите в тексте соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы:

Вопросы

1. What is marketing?

2. What operations does marketing include?

3. What is the most important thing in marketing?

4. What are the main steps in marketing research?

3. Поставьте глагол в скобках в пассивную форму и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Limited liability companies (divide) into public and private ones.

2. Commercial banks (supervise) by the central bank.

3. Both private and governmental accountants (pay) on a salary basis.

4. Nowadays computers (use) to record and organize data.

5. Last year about half of each consumer dollar (spend) on marketing activities.

4. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения на русский язык. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1. To make a good career you must have good knowledge and work hard.

2. Show me the test to be done next term.

3. The problem was to find the connection between these phenomena.

4. To enter this market requires a lot of hard work.

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты.

1. I don't consider him to be a good manager.

2. We would like the payment to be made in dollars.

3. The new manager is said to work 12 hours a day.

4. This company is known to become bankrupt.

5. Low demand is believed to be one of the main problems facing the country.

6. Употребите глагол-сказуемое в будущем времени, используя эквиваленты модальных глаголов.

(см. табл.)

1. The corporation can offer higher salaries and attract

talented managers.

2. You must reduce your prices by 3 per cent.

3. I may use this method in my research .

7. Переведите предложения. Употребите по смыслу местоимение.

1. There are (some, any) new commercial banks in our city.

2. Has your firm (some, any) problems with the suppliers?

3. You may ask the lecturer (some, any) questions.

8. Переведите предложения. Определите функцию глагола have (has).

1. I have lost my job this year. I will have to send out resumes.

2. What kind of experience have you had?

3. He had to take special computer course.

4. We have passed our exams with satisfactory results.

5. She has stopped missing classes.

9. Переведите текст письменно.