yastrebova_Part_2

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

all, but the rest of the country is actually desperate. There are signs of prosperity in some other cities — Nizhni Novgorod, St. Petersburg, but frankly not too much in the provinces.

ELIZABETH F.: Do you think people are optimistic or pessimistic about what's happening to them?

DAVID H.: People are cynical and pessimistic. And I think actually a very small number of them are beginning to adapt and to change. There's a middle class in Moscow. Those people are optimistic. There's a very small number of people who've made it to an upper class. They're optimistic.

There's a large number of people to whom the words “democracy” and “free market” mean chaos and confusion and disorientation and humiliation. They haven't seen the results. It's only five years, and that's not enough time. It's a difficult period for them.

Text B

July 13, 2006

Dennis Shelipanov is a doctor and Marina Shelipanov is a dentist, which both were underpaid professions in Russia until recently. They never thought that they’d be able to afford such a luxury: a second car.

The source of their new prosperity? Russia is pumping more oil than Saudi Arabia. Oil and gas wealth is transforming this post-Communist wasteland into a Russian version of a petro state.

In big cities, such as St. Petersburg where the

Shelipanovs live, the new wealth is immediately apparent as breadlines have given way to BMWs and empty shelves have been replaced by packed cafes.

But the economic effect is much deeper. Finally able to capitalize on the nation's natural resources, the Russians have cut in half the number of people living below the poverty line and unemployment is at a respectable seven percent.

Perhaps the most significant sign is shopping — the trademark of a true middle class. These days, the Shelipanovs often go shopping at Ikea, one of the mega-discount stores now available to the Russian consumer.

“It's not just about buying everyday things,” Marina Shelipanov said. “Now we can make plans, think about something good for our son, at some point try to get a house.”

Belief in the Future

Now, as the economy has improved, the Shelipanovs can begin to dream about the future. “The government is able to pay the salaries that make a middle class,” said Dennis Shelipanov said

The prosperity in Russia is startling to people who visit after years away — it almost looks like Paris. Along with European charm, Western-style plastic is everywhere. Citibank is opening yet another St. Petersburg branch.

The Shelipanovs said they're applying for a credit card to help pay for a typical middle-class endeavor — a kitchen renovation.

But they added that the most valuable change in Russia is the sense of stability. “Stability and peace,” Dennis Shelipanov said. “There is some sort of belief in the future.”

ABC News' Claire Shipman reported this story for "Good Morning America."

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

THE RIGHT WORD IN THE RIGHT PLACE

PHRASAL VERB KEEP

Ex. 8. a) Work in pairs. Match each verb with its equivalent below.

b) Translate the following sentences paying attention to the phrasal verb KEEP.

a.не (давать) касаться чего-л., не заходить на определённую территорию (клумбу и проч.);

b.продолжать делать что-л.;

c.придерживаться чего-л.;

d.сдерживать (об эмоциях); утаивать (информацию);

e.не отставать; идти в ногу (переносн.);

f.остерегаться; не приближаться (= держаться на расстоянии), не подпускать кого-л. (к чему-л.).

Ex. 9. Recast the underlined parts so as to make them more natural. Use the phrasal verb KEEP.

1.As a stockbroker, Sam has to hide his emotions. Emotions prevent people from making wise decisions.

2.For friendship's sake, Maud tried to avoid / not to mention political subjects.

3.The detectives continued to search the area around the criminal’s flat.

4.If you are allergic to animals, you should not go near them.

5.When you are slimming, you can eat as often as you wish if you remember not to eat more than the correct calorie total.

6.Any doctor should do everything possible to stay knowledgeable about the latest developments in medicine.

7.As soon as Sir Henry arrived at Baskerville Hall, he received a letter, warning him not to go to the moor (болото).

8.Whatever you do, follow your plan and soon a sense of achievement will make the task more enjoyable.

9.The army received the order not to stop fighting until peacekeepers arrive.

10.Do not let children and pets touch medicines. Use a “childproof” container if you can.

11.The family has hidden the details of the attack from her.

12.The kids were so full of energy that it was difficult for me not to fall behind them.

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

Ex. 10. Translate the sentences using the appropriate phrasal verb.

1.Он всегда придерживался правил в своей работе.

2.Фил был старше других туристов и с трудом поспевал за экскурсоводом и группой.

3.Не ходите по клумбам!

4.Не сдерживайте свои чувства; это (this) может привести к нервному срыву (nervous breakdown).

5.Сейчас многие университеты стараются идти в ногу со временем и уделяют большое внимание научным исследованиям.

6.Если вы под Новый год окажетесь в Италии, не подходите близко к стенам домов. В новогоднюю ночь итальянцы выбрасывают из окон старые вещи.

7.Я продолжил свой путь (т.е. идти), несмотря на плохую погоду.

8.Австралийские учёные советуют пользователям держаться подальше от лазерных принтеров, так как они опасны для здоровья.

9.Первая задача истории — воздержаться от лжи, вторая — не утаивать правды.

10.У некоторых водопадов таблички предупреждали туристов не приближаться к краю.

11.Мы стараемся идти в ногу с мировой компьютерной индустрией.

12.Во время обсуждения высказывайте своё мнение, придерживайтесь темы и слушайте других участников.

Ex. 11. Make up a short story using as many phrasal verbs

KEEP as possible.

SAYING “NO”

Note:

Chris refused an offer (NOT Chris refused from an offer).

NB

Ex. 12. Explain the use of DECLINE, REFUSE, and REJECT in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.a. The politician declined a request for an interview, saying he wanted to think well about the problem.

b.When I refused his request, Chris stopped treating me as his good friend.

c.The medical authorities rejected his request for compensation.

2.a. The finance minister declined to comment on the accusations (обвинения).

b.For the first 10 minutes, Edna sat with her back to me and refused to turn round.

3.a. Bill declined an invitation to dinner, as his headache had been getting worse throughout the day.

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

b.I have often been invited to dances and parties and I have never refused an invitation.

c.One of the best known physicians in Europe rejected an invitation to become professor of medicine in his native town.

4.a. In the 1959 English writer Aldous Huxley rejected an offer of a Knight Bachelor (степень рыцаря-бакалавра) by the British government.

b.Belgian tennis player Kim Clijsters declined an offer from the Olympic Committee to compete in the 2008 Beijing Games.

c.Is it true that he flatly refused an offer of $ 1,000 a day to go on the stage?

5.Fraud (мошенничество) is one of the few crimes in which victims can decline to participate.

6.You cannot reject a plan without giving an explanation.

7.She refused another brandy and rushed back to the hotel.

8.Shop assistants must refuse to sell alcohol to those who cannot prove that they are over 18.

9.After a long discussion we decided not to reject the proposal made by the committee.

Ex. 13. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate verb.

1.A house buyer can ____ a particular house if it is not spacious enough.

2.He ____ our invitation, sending his assistant instead.

3.Many philosophers of the Enlightenment (эпоха Просвещения) ____ religion.

4.I ____ to eat their food because those who had recently met them had been found dead.

5.If a customer wishes to ____ the offer, they will have the opportunity to do so at no cost.

6.Six hospitals in Jakarta ____ to give treatment to the children from poor families.

7.In the culture of Burundi, to ____ an offer of beer is considered an insult.

8.Kezia ____ a sandwich but she smiled at Annabel.

9.The commission ____ our plan because it was too expensive.

10.The company ____ our request for information from the database.

11.She ____ the role because she wanted to be the star and did not want to accept a secondary role.

12.I politely ____ the opportunity to make any comments until I reviewed the files held in my office.

Ex. 14. Translate the sentences using DECLINE, REFUSE, or REJECT.

1.Джулия Робертс отказалась от главной роли в «Основном инстинкте», потому что посчитала ее неприемлемой (inappropriate).

2.Сэм наотрез (flatly) отказался помочь нам.

3.Пять американских городов вежливо отказались от подарка, созданного Церетели. Теперь памятник Колумбу стоит где-то в Пуэрто-Рико.

4.Я посмотрел на цену и отбросил мысль о новом компьютере: мой ноутбук еще в хорошем состоянии.

5.В Нидерландах некоторые иммигранты отказываются учить голландский язык.

6.Некоторые ученые отвергают доводы о том, что высокий уровень смертности (high mortality rates) связан с бедностью населения.

7.Я отказался от ужина и пошел спать.

8.61-летняя британская актриса Хелен Мирен (Mirren), получившая «Оскарa» за роль английской королевы, была вынуждена отклонить приглашение Елизаветы II посетить ее в Букингемском дворце в Лондоне.

9.Комиссия единодушно (unanimously) отвергла проект, так как его цена была слишком высока.

10.Когда журналист попросил его подробно описать свою работу, он вежливо отказался.

11.В 2002 году более тридцати учителей в Англии и Уэльсе отказались учить жестоких детей, которые регулярно нападали на учеников и на учителей.

12.К всеобщему удивлению он отказался от услуг профессионального переводчика.

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

GRAMMAR

REPORTED SPEECH

THE BASICS

Ex. 15. Compare the two sets of sentences. What’s the difference between the two types of structure? What are these structures called?

Which of A, B and C are requests? statements? questions?

COMMON VERBS USED TO INTRODUCE REPORTED SPEECH

Ex. 16. Fill in the gaps with a suitable reporting verb.

1.During the Great Depression Americans ______________ that the new immigrants were stealing jobs from native workers.

2.I ______________ if I was in the right place, doing the right thing.

3.In the Indian reservation teachers ______________ the children to speak their native language, forcing them to converse only in English.

4.They _______________ if we had travelled, and where we had been.

5.She once ______________ me that the president was the most brilliant man she had ever met.

6.When the snowstorm started I noticed that the Chinese visitors were becoming increasingly distracted. Their translator ______________ that no one from the group had ever seen snow before.

7.The President _______________ that solving the demographic problem is necessary for “saving the people” and the nation.

8.I never ______________ that Mike would ever leave the post.

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

9.Two of the students ______________ that they had made up their stories.

10.An IMF (МВФ) report in January 2004 _______________ that the growing US debt threatened global economic stability.

11.I _____________ Mark how much truth there was in the rumors. He __________ that he had heard nothing.

12.When he was eventually brought before the king, the king ______________ where he had been.

13.The Admiral _____________ his radio officer to send a message to the on-coming ship that it should change its course 10 degrees to the south.

14.The Generals _____________ the Emperor to allow them to begin the attack.

15.Count Resanov promised faithfully to come back to Dona Concepcion as soon as he could and

_____________ her to await his return.

REPORTED STATEMENTS

Ex. 17. A. Study the table above and suggest the basic rules for reporting statements. What changes do we usually have to make if the place and time of reporting are significantly different from those in the original speech? Check your suggestions against the chart below.

B. Turn the following statements into Reported Speech. Make the necessary changes (the original statements are reported much later than they were made).

1.“I’m attending a conference in Miami next week,” said Ann.

2.“I’m currently studying psychology,” he said.

3.Jack said, “I joined the club two years ago.”

4.Mary said to me, “I’ll call you next Monday.”

5.“During this whole conversation, Jeff was making faces at me,” said Susan.

6.“We have to take action if we are going to bridge the gap with the poor,” said the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs addressing the G8 Governments in 2002.

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

7.“I’ll be seeing you tomorrow,” he said.

8.“Italy and Russia signed an agreement last week to cooperate in fighting crime,” said the Minister at the press-conference.

9.“For the last few years we’ve been making attempts to revive our culture,” said the Zimbabwean writer.

10.The lecturer said, “By the last exhibition in 1886, many of the Impressionists had gone their separate ways.”

Ex. 18. Translate into English making the tense change.

1.Кэрол сказала мне, что сегодня вечером идет с друзьями в театр.

2.Марта сказала, что не хотела никого обидеть.

3.Молодой человек сказал, что в настоящее время он получает пособие по безработице.

4.Министр заявил, что в прошлом году национальный бюджет увеличился на 20%.

5.Майкл объяснил, что не позвонил мне вчера, потому что у него не было времени.

6.Джейн призналась, что два года назад выбрала этот университет под давлением родителей.

7.Маргарет пожаловалась, что всегда выполняет львиную долю работы, и добавила, что делает это за счет своего здоровья.

8.Министры иностранных дел заявили, что новый договор о сотрудничестве между двумя странами будет подписан на следующей неделе.

CHANGES IN TENSES AND TIME EXPRESSIONS

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

WHEN TENSES DON’T CHANGE

The tenses of the original words are NOT usually changed when:

•the original words express general truths or permanent states:

The lecturer said that there are many theories about why the dinosaurs died out.

•the original speaker’s present and future are still present and future:

John said he’s working on a Biology project about volcanoes. (He is still working on it.) Alex said he’s going to concentrate on what’s important in life. (It is still his plan.)

•the verb is used in a time clause (after conjunctions when, while, after etc.)

He said he had been stopped when he was driving without a driving licence.

However, if we don’t believe the original statement, the tense change in Reported Speech is necessary.

John said he was working on a Biology project about volcanoes, but I don’t think he is.

Ex. 19. Report the following quotations by famous people.

Note: remember that if the original statements are still true, you needn’t change the tenses.

1.“Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future” (John F. Kennedy).

2.“My rank is the highest known in Switzerland: I am a free citizen” (George Bernard Shaw).

3.“If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich” (John F. Kennedy).

4.“If your only goal is to become rich, you will never achieve it” (John D. Rockefeller).

5.“Diseases of the soul are more dangerous and more numerous than those of the body” (Cicero).

6.“The only way to keep your health is to eat what you don't want, drink what you don't like, and do what you'd rather not” (Mark Twain).

7.“Nothing is more fatal to health than over care of it” (Benjamin Franklin).

8.“I believe in equality for everyone, except reporters and photographers” (Mohandas Gandhi).

REPORTED QUESTIONS

Ex. 20. A. Study the table above and suggest the rules for reporting general and special questions. B. Turn the following questions into Reported Speech making the tense change.

1.“Did you have fun in college?” they asked Paul.

2.“Have you ever faced a hostile audience?” I asked Betty.

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

3.“Do you always make the right choice?” asked my friend.

4.“Will he notice me? Will he speak to me?” I asked myself.

5.“Is the project taking shape?” asked my boss.

6.“Is Nancy currently looking for a job?” I asked her mother.

7.“How did you feel when you heard the news?” they asked me.

8.“Why don’t you want to go back to Syria?” asked the immigration officer.

9.“What made him agree to the interview?” I asked myself.

10.“Why have you joined politics, Bill?” asked the interviewer.

11.“What were you working on in your early years in the lab?” asked Bob’s colleague.

12.“What is being done to increase the number of children attending schools?” asked the UNICEF official.

Ex. 21. Translate into English making the tense change.

1.Джейн спросила себя, будет ли у нее что-нибудь общее с остальными студентами.

2.Репортер спросил, какое решение принял министр.

3.Интервьюер спросил, когда Ник стал военным.

4.Председатель комиссии поинтересовался, предпринимаются ли усилия для достижения согласия по этому вопросу.

5.Мы хотели знать, что сформировало его взгляды на искусство.

6.Он спросил себя, сделал ли он правильный выбор.

7.Мартина спросили, как долго он находится за границей.

8.Я спросил у Джеймса, что он намеревается делать во время каникул.

9.Мери спросила себя, почему ее никто не замечает и не разговаривает с ней.

10.Корреспондент поинтересовался, есть ли в жизни города что-нибудь примечательное.

REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS

Ex. 22. A. Study the table above and suggest the rules for reporting commands and requests.

B. Turn the commands and requests into Reported Speech.

Note: remember that to report commands you can use the verbs tell, order, command, forbid; and to report requests the verbs ask, beg, and urge.

1.“Write a letter to the school newspaper, Dennis,” said the principal.

2.“Will you keep silent for a moment?” said my friend.

3.“Don’t even think of marrying a foreigner,” said Julia’s parents.

4.“Please don’t open the present till I leave,” he said to Mrs. Kelly.

5.“Move to the defensive positions,” said the Colonel to the officers.

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

6.“You must take immediate action to stop further pollution,” said Greenpeace to the Minister.

7.“Choose friends who have values and respect, and stay clear of the rest,” their mother said to them.

8.“Please, please forgive me,” he said to his sister.

9.“Soldiers! Advance and drive the rebels from the woods!” said the General.

10.“You’d better go to bed,” she said to the children.

11.“Please, please don’t call or e-mail me,” said the actor to his fans.

12.“Will you marry me?” he said to Rosa.

Ex. 23. Translate into English.

1.Преподаватель попросил студентов обсудить проблему и предложить возможное решение.

2.Экзаменатор зачитал Майку второй вопрос и попросил его поднять руку, когда он будет готов отвечать.

3.Эрик умолял свою подругу простить его. Он сказал, что всегда будет любить ее.

4.После ссоры Мэгги запретила Стиву появляться в ее доме.

5.В последний момент майор приказал солдатам не стрелять.

6.Президент Мичиганского университета настоятельно рекомендовал первокурсникам сделать все возможное (do their best), чтобы получить хорошее образование.

7.Хелен попросила Тони не повышать голос в ее присутствии.

8.Когда профессора попросили назвать своего лучшего ученика, он сразу (promptly) ответил: «Карл Адамс».

MODAL VERBS IN REPORTED SPEECH

do not change when reported.

Chapter 4. Unit 8. Climbing the Success Ladder