yastrebova_Part_2

Appendix

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

rights the United Nations has drawn up an international agreement called the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The Convention sets out in a number of statements (called articles) the rights which all children and young people up to the age of 18 should have. The rights should apply to young people everywhere whether they live in rich or poor countries. The Convention says children have three main rights which must be considered whenever any decision is being made about them, or any action is taken which affects them.

Non-discrimination

All the rights in the Convention apply to all children equally whatever their race, sex, religion, language, disability, opinion or family background (Article 2).

Best interests

When adults or organisations make decisions which affect children they must always think first about what would be best for the child (Article 3).

The child's views

Children too have the right to say what they think about anything which affects them. What they say must be listened to carefully. When courts or other official bodies are making decisions which affect children they must listen to what the children want and feel (Article 12).

Among other rights the Convention gives children is:

Protection from violence and harmful treatment

Children have the right to be protected from all forms of violence. They must be kept safe from harm. They must be given proper care by those looking after them (Article 19).

Children have a right not to be punished cruelly or in a way that would belittle them. They must not be locked up unless the law says they may be. When they are locked up lawfully they must be treated with respect. They must be able to have legal advice and to have their case heard and decided on as quickly as possible (Article 37).

FILE 2

Smacking Law Comes Into Force

Parents who smack their children hard enough to leave a mark, face up to five years in prison under new laws which came into force on 15 Jan 2005.

Under the new rules, parents are permitted to use physical punishment to discipline their children, but anything other than a mild smack could get them before the courts.

Child protection charity, the NSPCC15 says the new law will confuse parents and calls for a total ban on smacking.

“There is a risk parents may choose to hit children on parts of their body where injury is less visible, such as the head, which can cause serious harm,” said NSPCC boss Mary Marsh.

But a spokeswoman for the Department for Education and Skills stressed that the new laws were a “common sense” decision to balance child protection with the autonomy of parents.

“The Government has sent a clear message to parents that they will not be criminalised for bringing up their children in a supportive disciplinary environment and are able to consider smacking as part of that,” said the spokeswoman.

15 NSPCC — The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children is a UK charity

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

FILE 3.

There are already 12 European countries which have anti-smacking legislation, with Iceland the latest to join the list. These are:

The first country to ban smacking was Sweden in 1978.

In Israel, the only non-European country to have similar legislation, smacking was banned in 2000.

Earlier this year, the New Zealand government started an anti-smacking education campaign instead of passing an anti-smacking law.

A UN committee ruled that Canada, like the UK, was ignoring the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Last year the UN urged Canada to change laws which allow parents to smack their children.

The US and Somalia remain the only countries not to have signed the convention, which routinely tells members appearing before its committee to pass laws banning smacking.

In the US, it is legal in all 50 states to smack a child "because corporal (physical) punishment does not meet the individual state's definition of child abuse".

UNIT 10

I. SPEAKING. ROLE PLAY

FILE 0

Useful phrases for the chairperson of a meeting:

The purpose of today’s meeting is (to make out a plan/to reach a decision/etc); Today we are going to talk about…

Who would like to begin?

Would you like to give us your opinion/ your comment? I don’t think it is really to the point

Then, we all agree that …

In conclusion I’d like to say….

FILE 1. HEAD TEACHER

Bullying is typical of many schools, particularly of schools which say “there's no bullying here”.

Good schools are active in their approach and deal with incidents of bullying promptly, firmly and fairly. Bad schools deny it, ignore it, justify it, sweep it under the carpet, blame the victim of bullying, blame the parents of the victim of bullying.

What can be done?

School-wide action. Study bullying problems at the school, increase supervision, hold schoolwide assemblies, and train teachers to raise the awareness of children about bullying.

Classroom action. Establish classroom rules against bullying, hold regular class meetings to discuss bullying at school, and meetings with all parents.

Appendix

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

hope that I can try to get to the root of the problem. The younger kids learn about compassion and empathy16 — the better!!

It's great to have a community involved in an anti-bullying programme. I've been permanently affected by my bullying, especially in terms of my mental health and self-esteem, so it would be nice to finally find a support and to know that children who suffer from bullying can get help when they need it.

FILE 5. FORMER STUDENT (BYSTANDER)

I was never bullied at school but I was there when it took place. It makes me ashamed that I never got involved, never ever helped a victim. What’s more, I once took the side of a bully. You think most bystanders remain neutral or support the victim when they see someone bullying. That’s where you are wrong. More often than not students who observe bullying are more likely to encourage or help the bully than help the victim. Somehow you feel that the victim deserved to be bullied. That’s how I felt when I joined in. It is so much easier to join than to try to stop it and become a target. I now know it was wrong but back at school I never felt safe to confront a bully and was ashamed to tell an adult about bullying.

FILE 6. PARENT OF AN EXTON SCHOOL PUPIL (TARGET)

I'm glad that we finally decided to act but I'm sorry that bullying at school has gone so far. The two places that kids should be safe are home and school. More and more often we are finding out that those are sometimes the most unhealthy environments.

I think bullies select victims who have been taught to resolve conflict with dialogue and who won't turn round and kick the bully.

Bullies may be physically strong but they compensate for other weaknesses with aggression. Bullies are weak people — normal healthy people don't need to bully. Bullies are aggressive and emotionally retarded (отстающий в развитии). Bullies target people with a kind heart.

Targets of bullying try to resolve the conflict with dialogue often without the assistance of adults and sometimes in spite of the adults (teachers do not notice or prefer not to notice that bullying is taking place).

The victims often deny that bullying is taking place because teachers ask them when the bully is present, and the victimized children do not believe that the teachers will be able to affectively stop bullying.

Families in the school community have a very important role to play in a whole-school antibullying programme. If schools hope to control bullying behaviours, they must involve the families in anti-bullying partnerships.

FILE 7. PARENT OF ANOTHER EXTON SCHOOL PUPIL

Dear Anne / Dick, sorry to hear that you have been affected by bullying while growing-up and I admire you for taking such a positive stand against bullying via the magazine that you mention.

As a parent of three: ages 10, 16, and 19 I have become increasingly interested in how we as a British society treat our kids. On the whole it's appalling really! My personal belief is that children are fundamentally born 'good and kind', but they can be seriously damaged by the way they are treated. They need to be nurtured (воспитывать) rather than controlled. There is a control mentality in British society, which affects schools.

16 ability to understand how someone feels because you can imagine what it is like to be them

Appendix

Appendix

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

I believe that personal responsibility for learning combined with co-operation is a balance that leads to fulfilled and happy people. Sadly, this combination isn't possible in a school situation.

Because I trust my children, I see myself as their advocate in dealing with problem situations at school … interestingly the few major “bullying problems they have encountered involved psychopathic teachers rather than fellow students!

It is hardly surprising really that so many youngsters become bullies when this is often the way they are treated themselves both by parents and teachers … so it is the only example youngsters have to follow in an attempt to get some control in their lives.

FILE 8. POLICEMAN

Studies show that up to 75% of children suffer bullying at school.

At least six out of ten bullies go on to become criminals. There's much evidence to suggest that children who bully at school and who get away with it go on to be bullies in the workplace.

Pupils have the right to be educated in an atmosphere which is free from fear.

The law of the country is that assault, harassment17 and intimidation18 are offences, whatever the age of the perpetrator19 or victim.

The legal system rarely deals with school bullying. There are very good reasons for this. Less serious bullying can and should be dealt with within the school. By working together, parents, teachers, pupils and other members of the school community can resolve a particular incident of bullying much more quickly.

However, anyone can make a complaint about bullying to the police. Teachers, parents or other members of a school community may decide to do so if:

•a bullying incident could have serious consequences for the victim

•other strategies have failed or are considered to be inappropriate because of the seriousness of what has happened and

•there is a reasonable possibility that making such a report could stop the bullying and will produce an effect that helps the victim.

It is always important that teachers and parents work in co-operation with the police and

other agencies such as social services or youth organisations to stop bullying.

II. FOR STUDENT B.

1. READING AND SPEAKING.

Locked Up For Life After Killings As Teenagers

OCALA, Florida — About 9,700 American prisoners are serving life sentences for crimes they committed before they could vote, serve on a jury or gamble in a casino — in short, before they turned 18. More than 1) __________ have no chance for parole. Rebecca Falcon is one of them.

Ms. Falcon, now 23, is locked up in the Lowell Correctional Institution. But eight years ago, she was a reckless teenager and running with a thuggish(1) crowd when one night she 2)___________.

Ms. Falcon blames her choice of friends for her tragedy. “I tried cheerleaders, heavy metal people and, you know, it never felt right,” Ms. Falcon said. “I started listening to rap music and wearing my pants baggy. I was like a magnet for the 3) ___________ crowd.”

17преследование, притеснение

18запугивание

19правонарушитель

Английский язык для международников и регионоведов. Часть II

In November 1997 she hailed a cab(2) with an 18-year-old friend named Clifton Gilchrist. He had a gun, and within minutes, the cab driver was shot in the head. The driver, Richard Todd Phillips, 25, took several days to die. Each of the teenagers later said 4) __________.

Ms. Falcon's jury found her guilty of murder, though it never found out exactly what had happened that night, its foreman said. It was enough that she was there. “It broke my heart,” said Steven Sharp, the foreman. “5) ___________. (start with why) But I think it's appropriate for the crime.”

The United States is one of only a few countries that does that. Life without parole, the most severe form of life sentence, is theoretically available for juvenile criminals in about a dozen countries. But a report issued last month by Human Rights Watch(3) found juveniles serving such sentences in only three other countries. Israel has seven, 6)___________ has four and 7)___________ has one.

By contrast, the report counted about 2,200 people in the United States serving life without parole for crimes they committed before turning 18. More than 350 of them were 15 or younger, according to the report.

Society has long recognized age limits for things like 8)__________, and the highest court has ruled that youths under 18 who commit terrible crimes are less blameworthy(4) than adults. Defense(5) lawyers and human rights advocates say that the principle should be applied to sentences of life without parole.

In a recent jail interview, Ms. Falcon said her eight years in prison had changed her.

“A certain amount of time in prison was what I needed,” she said. “But my sentence is 9)___________. The law I fell under is for people who are just career criminals and habitually break the law, and there's just no hope for them in society. I'm a different case.”

“They put you in, and they forget all about you,” she added.

Notes:

1.thuggish — behaving in a violent way

2.a cab = a taxi

3.Human Rights Watch — an international non-government organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

4.blameworthy (fml) — deserving to be blamed for smth bad that has happened

5.Defense — American spelling of defence

UNIT 12

I. SPEAKING.

1.Tastes differ.

2.Practice makes perfect

3.A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. (Keats)

4.All art is autobiographical. (Frederico Fellini)

5.Art improves Nature.

6.A bad workman quarrels with his tools.

7.A good painter can draw a devil as well as an angel.

8.A man paints with his brains and not with his hands. (Michelangelo)

9.Sports do not build character. They reveal it. (Heywood Hale Broun)

10.No sweet without sweat.

11.The work shows the workman.

12.A poet is born not made.

Appendix

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C A N A D A

U N I T E D S T A T E S

Appendix

B R I T I S H

I S L E S

A U S T R A L I A

S O U T H

A F R I C A

NE W

ZEAL AND

LE VELS OF HUMAN DE VELOPMENT

Based on UN Human Developments Index, a combined index measuring income, literacy rates, average years of schooling, and life expectancy.

II Часть .регионоведов и международников для язык Английский