- •1.Phonetics as a science.
- •2.Principal pecularities of General American vowels.
- •3. The branches of Ph. Onomotopoeia.
- •4. Principal pecularities of General American cons – s.
- •5.The first component of the Ph system of English
- •6.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The power mechanism. The vibrator mech
- •7. The second component of the Ph system of English
- •8.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The resonator mech. The obstructer mech.
- •9. The third and the forth components of the Ph system of English
- •10. The main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
- •11. Different opinions on the nature of the phoneme and its definition.
- •12. Articulatory differences betw vow, cons, sonorants.
- •13. Phonemic variants or allophones
- •14. Sentence stress, or accent
- •15. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels.
- •16.Received Pronunciation. Changes of vow quality.
- •17. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
- •18.Received Pronouciation. Changes in cons quality.
- •19. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the stability of articulation.
- •20. Assimilation.
- •21. General American pronunciation
- •22.Differences in the articulation bases of english and russian vowels
- •23. Received pron.
- •24.Differences in the articulation bases of the english and russian consonants
- •25.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, active organs of speech and the place of abstraction.
- •26. The influence of assimilatiom on the work of the vocal cords
- •27.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate.
- •28. Intonation. Rhythm and tempo. Pausation and tember.
- •29. Functional aspect of speech sounds. The phoneme theory.
- •30. The rules of word stress in English
- •31. Theories of syl formation and syl division.
- •32. Articulatory transitions of vowel and cons phonemes.
- •33. Syllable.
- •34. The influence of assimilation on the manner of noise production and the place of articulation.
- •35.Functional characteristics of the syl
- •36. The influence of the rythmic tendency on word-stress sys in modern Eng.
- •37. Stress
- •38. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
- •39. Intonation
- •40. Received pronunciation. Spread of English.
- •41. Received and ga pronunciation. General considerations.
- •42. The influence of assimilation on the active organ of speech.
23. Received pron.
Standart pronunciation is the pronunciation governed by the orthoepic norm. It is the pronunciation of educated circles. It is used by radio, television, religionally neutral. The social standart within Britain is the so-called recieved pronunciation. It is the teaching norm at schools and higher learning establishments of the Rus Federation. In Eng we distinguish conservative, general, advanced.
The phoneme [i] is little more open in GA and retracted than in RP. In GA it is often obscured.
The sound [έ]is lower than the RP [e] and resembles походить [эе]
The GA [эе] differs from the RP [эе]: it is used in words in which the letter a is followed by a cons other than r(answer), in GA {e} is used instead of [эе]([keri])
The GA [a] is more front than the RP. In contrast to the RP [a] the GA [a] has a different distribution hop, rob, doll, before [,g] both [a], [o] (frog).
The total number of the RP and GA cons differ in one phoneme [ʍ]. The rest of the RP and GA inventory of cons phonemes coicides.
The [r] is less sonorous in RP than in GA. The GA [h] is similar to the RP.The GA [h] is frequently voiced in intervicalic position. In words like concave, conclude, enclose, encourage Americans use {n}, the RP speakers – [n], [].
24.Differences in the articulation bases of the english and russian consonants
Differences in the system of consonants in English and in Russian are the following:
(1) The English forelingual consonants are articulated with the apico-alveolar position of the tip of the tongue. The Russian forelingual consonants are mainly dorsal: in their articulation the tip of the tongue is passive and lowered, the blade is placed against the upper teeth. The Russian forelingual apical consonants are only: [л, л', ш, Ш', ж, ж`].
(2) Russian students often use the hard /ш, ж/ phonemes instead of the soft English /∫, З/. Palatalization is a phonemic feature in Russian. There is no opposition between palatalyzed — non-palatalyzed consonants in English. The soft colouring of the English /∫,t∫, dЗ, l, З/ is non-phonemic.
(3) In the articulation of /w/ the primary focus is formed by the lips, which are rounded but not protruded, as it happens when the Russian /y/ is pronounced. The bilabial /w/ which is pronounced with a round narrowing is very often mispronounced by Russians. They use the labiodental /в/ which is pronounced with a flat narrowing instead of the English /w/.
The primary focus in the articulation of "dark" [l] is formed by the tip of the tongue pressed against the teethridge in the initial position.
English voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ are aspirated, when followed by a stressed vowel and not preceded by /s/.
(4) The English voiceless fortis /p, t, k, f, s, ∫, tЗ/ are pronounced more energetically than similar Russian consonants.The English voiced consonants /b, d, g, v, d, z, З, dЗ/ are not replaced by the corresponding voiceless sounds in final positions and before voiceless consonants.
(5) Consonant phonemes in English which have no counterparts in Russian are the following:
1. the bilabial sonorant /w/,
2. the dental consonants /ð,θ /,
3. the voiced affricate /dЗ/,
4. the post-alvcolar sonorant /r/,
5. the backlingual nasal sonorant /ŋ/,
6. the glottal /h/.
Consonant phonemes in Russian which have no counterparts in English are the following;
1. the palatalized consonants /п`, б', т', д `/.
2. the voiceless affricate /ц/,
3. the rolled sonorant /p/,
4. the backlingual voiceless /x/.
The most common mistakes are the following:
— dorsal articulation of the English /t, d/,
— the use of the Russian rolled /p/ instead of the English /r/,
— the use of the Russian /x/ instead of the English glottal /h/,
— mispronunciation of the English interdental [ð, θ]
— the use of the forelingual /n/ instead of the backlingual velar / ŋ /.
- the use of the Russian dark /ш , ж/ instead of the soft English /∫, З/,
- the use of the labio-dental /v, в/ instead of the bilabial /w/,
- weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis /p, t, k, f, s, ∫ , t∫/,
- devoicing of /b, d, g, v, ð, z, З, dЗ / in the terminal position