25.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, active organs of speech and the place of abstraction.

Rus phenetitians classify con-s according to the following principles:

1work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation

2active organs of speech and the place of obstruction

1. Accoring to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation cons-s are subdevided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced: [b, d, g]; voiceless: [p, t, k,]. The force of exhalation and the degree of muscular tension are greater in the production of voiceless cons-s. Therefore they are called by the Latin word fortis, which means strong, energetic. Voiced cons-s are called lenis, which means soft, weak. Because the force of exhalation and the degree of muscular tension in their articulation are weaker, e.g.fortis: [p] – pipe, [t] – tight, Lenis: [b] – Bible, [d] – died.

The Eng cons-s [h, m, n, , l, w, j, r] don’t enter into fortis-lenis oppositions.

2) According to the position of the of the active organs of speech consonants are classified into: labial, lingual, glottal.

Lab cons – s are subdivided into:

a) Bylabial; b) Labio-dental.

a) are produced with both lips, they are the Eng [p, b, m, w], the Rus [п, п`, б, б`, м, м`].

b) are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth. They are The E [f, v], the R [ф, ф`, в, в`].

Lingual cons – s are subdivided into:

1. forelingual; b)mediolingual; c)backlingual

a) are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue, acc to the position of the tip of the tongue they maybe: dorsal, apical, cacuminal. Acc to the place of obstruction forelingual cons – s may be: interdental, dental, alveolar, post – alveolar, palato – alveolar.

Interdent cons – s are articulated with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth [ð, Ө]. Dental cons – s are articulated with the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth, the R [т, т`, д, д`, с, с`, з, з`, л, л`, ц]. Alveolar cons – s are articulated with the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge, e.g. the E [t, d, s, n, l]. Post – alveolar cons – s with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the back part of the teeth ridge, e.g. [r]. Polato – alveolar cons – s are articul with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the teeth ridge, the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate – two places of articulation, or forci, e.g. the E [t∫, dЗ ,∫ ,З] and the R [ш, ш`, ж, ч].

b) Mediolingual are produced with the front part of the tonque. They are always palatal. palatal consonants are articulated with the front part of the tonque raised high to the hard palate, [j].

c) Backlingual consonants are called velar, they are produced with the back part of the tonque raised towards the soft palate [k,g,h,], [х,х’, г,’].

The glottal consonant [h] is articulated in the glottis.

26. The influence of assimilatiom on the work of the vocal cords

When the two neighbouring sounds are affected by assimilation, it may influence: 1) the work of the vocal cords; 2) the active organ of speech; 3) the manner of noise production; 4) both: the place of articula­tion and the manner of noise production.

l)Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords is observed when one of the two adjacent consonants; becomes voiced under the influence of the neighbouring voiced consonant, or voiceless — under the influ­ence of the neighbouring voiceless consonant, for example, in the word gooseberry /s/ became voiced under the influence of the next voiced /b/ — regressive assimilation. In the combination what's this the voiced /z/ be­came voiceless under the influence of the preceding voiceless /t/ — pro­gressive assimilation.

In the process of speech the sonorants /m, n, 1, r; j, w/ are partly devoiced before a vowel, preceded by the voiceless consonant phonemes /s, p, t, k/, e. g. plate, slowly, twice, ay. In this case partial progressive assimilation affects the work of the vocal cords both in English and in Russian) compare the above examples with the Russian: пламя, сменa.This assimilation is not observed in the most careful styles of speech.