- •1.Phonetics as a science.
- •2.Principal pecularities of General American vowels.
- •3. The branches of Ph. Onomotopoeia.
- •4. Principal pecularities of General American cons – s.
- •5.The first component of the Ph system of English
- •6.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The power mechanism. The vibrator mech
- •7. The second component of the Ph system of English
- •8.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The resonator mech. The obstructer mech.
- •9. The third and the forth components of the Ph system of English
- •10. The main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
- •11. Different opinions on the nature of the phoneme and its definition.
- •12. Articulatory differences betw vow, cons, sonorants.
- •13. Phonemic variants or allophones
- •14. Sentence stress, or accent
- •15. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels.
- •16.Received Pronunciation. Changes of vow quality.
- •17. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
- •18.Received Pronouciation. Changes in cons quality.
- •19. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the stability of articulation.
- •20. Assimilation.
- •21. General American pronunciation
- •22.Differences in the articulation bases of english and russian vowels
- •23. Received pron.
- •24.Differences in the articulation bases of the english and russian consonants
- •25.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, active organs of speech and the place of abstraction.
- •26. The influence of assimilatiom on the work of the vocal cords
- •27.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate.
- •28. Intonation. Rhythm and tempo. Pausation and tember.
- •29. Functional aspect of speech sounds. The phoneme theory.
- •30. The rules of word stress in English
- •31. Theories of syl formation and syl division.
- •32. Articulatory transitions of vowel and cons phonemes.
- •33. Syllable.
- •34. The influence of assimilation on the manner of noise production and the place of articulation.
- •35.Functional characteristics of the syl
- •36. The influence of the rythmic tendency on word-stress sys in modern Eng.
- •37. Stress
- •38. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
- •39. Intonation
- •40. Received pronunciation. Spread of English.
- •41. Received and ga pronunciation. General considerations.
- •42. The influence of assimilation on the active organ of speech.
40. Received pronunciation. Spread of English.
The Eng lang is spoken in GB, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and the greater part of canada. It ia native to many, who live in India, israel, Malta. All the national varieties of the Eng lang differ from standart pronunciation. Standard pron is the pronunciation govered by the orthoepic norm. It is the pronunciation of educated circles. It is used by radio, television, religionally neutral. The social standart within Britain is the so-called recieved pronunciation. It is the teaching norm at schools and higher learning establishments of the Rus Federation, because of: the digree of understadability in english-speaking countries, the extend of RP investigation, the number of text books and audiovisual aids.
In Eng we distinguish conservative, general, advanced. In GB the rigional types of Eng are: the Southern Eng, the Northen Eng, the Standart Scottish.
41. Received and ga pronunciation. General considerations.
The Eng lang is spoken in GB, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and the greater part of canada. It ia native to many, who live in India, israel, Malta. All the national varieties of the Eng lang differ from standart pronunciation. Standard pron is the pronunciation govered by the orthoepic norm. It is the pronunciation of educated circles. It is used by radio, television, religionally neutral.
The social standart within Britain is the so-called recieved pronunciation. It is the teaching norm at schools and higher learning establishments of the Rus Federation, because of: the digree of understadability in english-speaking countries, the extend of RP investigation, the number of text books and audiovisual aids. In GB the rigional types of Eng are: the Southern Eng, the Northen Eng, the Standart Scottish.
In the USA the regional types of Amer variant of Eng are: the Eastern type, the Southern type, the General Am type (northern, Midwestern, Western). In the USA the most widespread type is GA. Like RP in GB, GA in the USA is the social standart. It is religionally neutral, it is used by radio, by TV, in science, it is spoken by educated Americans.
It has been estimated that the standart pron is not homogeneous (не однородное). It changes in relation to other lang-s and also to geograpical, psychological, social and political influences. E.g. in Eng we distinguish conservative, general, advanced RP.
42. The influence of assimilation on the active organ of speech.
When the two neighbouring sounds arc affected by assimilation, it may influence: 1) the work of the vocal cords; 2) the active organ of speech; 3) the manner of noise production; 4) both: the place of articulation and the manner of noise production.
l)Assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords is observed when one of the two adjacent соседний consonants; becomes voiced under the influence of the neighbouring voiced consonant, or voiceless — under the influence of the neighbouring voiceless consonant.
In the process of speech the sonorants /m, n, 1, r; j, w/ are partly devoiced before a vowel, preceded by the voiceless consonant phonemes /s, p, t, k/, e. g. plate, slowly, twice, ay. This assimilation is not observed in the most careful styles of speech.
2) The manner of noise production is affected by assimilation in cases of a) lateral plosion and b) loss of plosion or incomplete plosion. The lateral plosion takes place, when a plosive is followed by /1/. In this case the closure for the plosive is not released till the off-glide for the second [l]. Incomplete plosion takes place in the clusters a) of two similar plosives like /pp,pb, tt, td, kk, kg/, or b) of two plosives with different points of articulation like:/kt/,/dg/, /db/, /tb/. So there is only one explosion for the two plosives.
3) Assimilation affects the place of articulation and the manner of noise production when the plosive, alveolar /tl is followed by the post-alveolar /r/. For example, in the word trip alveolar 1t1 becomes post-alveolar and has a fricative release.