- •1.Phonetics as a science.
- •2.Principal pecularities of General American vowels.
- •3. The branches of Ph. Onomotopoeia.
- •4. Principal pecularities of General American cons – s.
- •5.The first component of the Ph system of English
- •6.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The power mechanism. The vibrator mech
- •7. The second component of the Ph system of English
- •8.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The resonator mech. The obstructer mech.
- •9. The third and the forth components of the Ph system of English
- •10. The main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
- •11. Different opinions on the nature of the phoneme and its definition.
- •12. Articulatory differences betw vow, cons, sonorants.
- •13. Phonemic variants or allophones
- •14. Sentence stress, or accent
- •15. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels.
- •16.Received Pronunciation. Changes of vow quality.
- •17. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
- •18.Received Pronouciation. Changes in cons quality.
- •19. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the stability of articulation.
- •20. Assimilation.
- •21. General American pronunciation
- •22.Differences in the articulation bases of english and russian vowels
- •23. Received pron.
- •24.Differences in the articulation bases of the english and russian consonants
- •25.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, active organs of speech and the place of abstraction.
- •26. The influence of assimilatiom on the work of the vocal cords
- •27.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate.
- •28. Intonation. Rhythm and tempo. Pausation and tember.
- •29. Functional aspect of speech sounds. The phoneme theory.
- •30. The rules of word stress in English
- •31. Theories of syl formation and syl division.
- •32. Articulatory transitions of vowel and cons phonemes.
- •33. Syllable.
- •34. The influence of assimilation on the manner of noise production and the place of articulation.
- •35.Functional characteristics of the syl
- •36. The influence of the rythmic tendency on word-stress sys in modern Eng.
- •37. Stress
- •38. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
- •39. Intonation
- •40. Received pronunciation. Spread of English.
- •41. Received and ga pronunciation. General considerations.
- •42. The influence of assimilation on the active organ of speech.
6.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The power mechanism. The vibrator mech
The articulation of every speech sound and the transition from the articulation of 1 sound to the articulation of another are effected and controlled by the action of the muscles situated in the organs of speech involved. These muscles are activated by impulses sent from the brain. Some linguists such as Щерба and his follower Мутусевич associate the articulatory aspect of speech sounds with their biological aspect. On the one hand, the human brain is the original source of speech, and on the other, it perceives speech sounds coming from the external world.
Speech is impossible without these 4 mechanisms:
1the power mechanism
2the vibrator mech
3the resonator mech
4the obstructer mech
1) The function of the power mech consists in the supply of energy in the form of air preasure and in regulating the force of the air stream. The pow mech includes the following organs of respiration:
1 the diaphragm
2 the lungs
3 the brunchi
4 the windpipe
5 the glottis – the opening between the vocal chords
6 the larynx
7 the mouth cavity
8 the nasal cavity
Inhalation takes place because the chest expends due to the action of the diaphragm and chest muscles. As the result of this expansions the air pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the pressure of the surrounding atmospheric air and the later rushes into the lungs and fills them, so that the pressure is equalized.
Then the diaphragm and the chest muscles relaxed. The lungs are contracted (стянуты), the air pressure in them becomes greater than the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere and the air which is in the lungs rushes out forming a stream which passes through the bronchi, the wind pipe, the glottis and the mouth or hazel cavities. This is exhalation. Thus the process of breathing consists of 2 alternating phases: inhalation, exhalation.
2) The air stream provided by the lungs undergoes import modifications in the upper stages of the respiratory tract. First of all it passes through sets into action vibrator mech. Which is posed (находится) in the larynx. As the air is exhaled from the lungs it is fed under pressure into the larynx through the wind pipe. In addition to constituting the bases of the spectral and pitch components, the vocal cords as part of the vibr mech participate in forming its intensity component as well.
7. The second component of the Ph system of English
The second component is the syllabic structure of words. The syllabic structure of words has 2 aspects:
syllable formation
syllable division (деление)
Both aspects are sometimes designed by the cover term syllabication.
Lang-s may differ from one another both in syllable formation and syl division. Differences in syl formation involve differences in the compacity (соединение) of speech sounds to form syl in different positions. E.g. the cons [m] is syll in the E word rythm, whereas the similar Rus sound [м] is nonsyllabic in the same position in the Rus equivalent of the same word ритм.
Differences in syllabic division involve differences in the position of the point of syllable division or the syllasbic boundary and in the types of the resulting syllables mainly open and closed, e.g. [mani] in which the 1 syllable is closed and [мани] in which the 1 syll is pen.
In E differences in syl division may perform a distinctive function.