- •1.Phonetics as a science.
- •2.Principal pecularities of General American vowels.
- •3. The branches of Ph. Onomotopoeia.
- •4. Principal pecularities of General American cons – s.
- •5.The first component of the Ph system of English
- •6.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The power mechanism. The vibrator mech
- •7. The second component of the Ph system of English
- •8.The articulatory and acoustic aspects of the e speech sounds. The resonator mech. The obstructer mech.
- •9. The third and the forth components of the Ph system of English
- •10. The main principles of all current articulatory classifications of vow.
- •11. Different opinions on the nature of the phoneme and its definition.
- •12. Articulatory differences betw vow, cons, sonorants.
- •13. Phonemic variants or allophones
- •14. Sentence stress, or accent
- •15. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels.
- •16.Received Pronunciation. Changes of vow quality.
- •17. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the degree of tenseness, length.
- •18.Received Pronouciation. Changes in cons quality.
- •19. Articulatery and physiological classification of e vowels. According to the stability of articulation.
- •20. Assimilation.
- •21. General American pronunciation
- •22.Differences in the articulation bases of english and russian vowels
- •23. Received pron.
- •24.Differences in the articulation bases of the english and russian consonants
- •25.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation, active organs of speech and the place of abstraction.
- •26. The influence of assimilatiom on the work of the vocal cords
- •27.Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants. Accord to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction, position of the soft palate.
- •28. Intonation. Rhythm and tempo. Pausation and tember.
- •29. Functional aspect of speech sounds. The phoneme theory.
- •30. The rules of word stress in English
- •31. Theories of syl formation and syl division.
- •32. Articulatory transitions of vowel and cons phonemes.
- •33. Syllable.
- •34. The influence of assimilation on the manner of noise production and the place of articulation.
- •35.Functional characteristics of the syl
- •36. The influence of the rythmic tendency on word-stress sys in modern Eng.
- •37. Stress
- •38. Acoustic aspect of speech sounds.
- •39. Intonation
- •40. Received pronunciation. Spread of English.
- •41. Received and ga pronunciation. General considerations.
- •42. The influence of assimilation on the active organ of speech.
21. General American pronunciation
In the USA the most widespread type of lang is GA. Like RP in GB GA in America is the social standard: it is religionally neutral, it is used by radio, by TV, in science, it is spoken by educated Americans.
1no opposition between historically long and historically short.
2[i] may be obscured as in rabbit [rэеbэt]
3[έ] – lower than the RP [e]
4[эе] – long, mostly nasaliezed, may turn into [e] as in marry, [эе] may be used instead of [a:], ask, past
5[3] - retroflex какуминальный согласный in medial and terminal position, bird, better
6[i:] – ‘barred’ препятствовать [i] in sister, horses
7[a] instead of[o], doll, rob
8[o]instead of [o:] as in law
9[Λ] turns into [3r], e.g. [h3ri] – hurry.
10in GA the distinction between monopthongs and diphthongs is not very consistent последовательный.
Principal pecularities of General American cons – s.
1. voiceless, fricative, labiovelar[ʍ]
2. the GA [r] is more sonorous than the RP [r]. It is retroflex.
3. [l] – predominantly преимущественно dark
4. [t] – short, voiced, intermediate between [d] and [t]
5. glottal stop ?
6. [h] – voiced in intervocalic position, lost initially in unsterssed or weak forms within внутри a phrase.
7. [ju] may change into [t∫, dЗ ] in due, tune
8. [∫] – vocalized in asia
9. nasal twang налет as in man.
22.Differences in the articulation bases of english and russian vowels
1) The lips. In the production of Russian vowels the lips are considerably protruded and rounded: /о, у/. In the articulation of the similar English vow protrusion does not take place.
(2) The bulk of the tongue. In the articulation of the English vowels the bulk of the tongue occupies more positions than in the production of the Russian vowels. When the the tongue moves in the horizontal direction it may occupy a fully front and a front-retracted, a fully back and a back-advanced position. Each of the three vertical positions of the tongue (high, mid, low) in English is subdivided into a narrow and broad variety. Rus vow are classified according to the vertical movement of the tongue they may be divided into: high — /и, ы, у/, mid — /э, о/ and low — /a/. According to the horizontal movement of the tongue Russian vowels may be subdivided into: front — /и, э/, central — /ы, a/ and back — /o, y/.
(3) The principle of the degree of tenseness in vowel classification is connected with the unchecked and checked character of the vowels.
(4) The length of the vowels. Long vowels in English are considered to be tense. There are no long vowels which can be opposed to short vowels in the Russian language.
(5) The stability of articulation. There are monophthongs and diphthongoids in the Russian vowel system, but there are no diphthongs.
(6) There are 6 vowel phonemes in Russian and 20 in English.
Given below are English vowels which have no counterparts in Russian:
(1) long and short vowels /i: — i/, /o: — o/, /u: — u/, /з:- з /, /a: — /\/;
(2) slightly rounded, but not protruded vowels /u:, o:/;
(3) vowels articulated with the "flat" position of the lips /i:, i, e, ei/;
(4) very low vowels, such as /æ, o, a:/;
(5) front-retracted /i/ and back-advanced /u, a:/;
(6) central or mixed /з- з:/;
(7) checked and free vowels /siti/ /'m/\ni/ Russian сити, мани;
(8) diphthongs /ei, ai, oi, iз, аu, ou, εэ, uэ/.
An articulating English vowels Russian students can make the following mistakes:
(1) they do not observe the quantitative character of the long vowels;
(2) do not observe the qualitative difference in the articulation of such vowels as /i: — i/, /u: — u/, /o:- o/,
(3) replace the English vowels /i:, о, u, æ, / by the Russian vowels / и, о, у, а, э/;
(4) pronounce /i:, i, e, ei/ without the "flat position" of the lips;
(5) soften consonants which precede front vowels
(6) articulate /o, о:, u, u:, эu/ with the lips too much rounded and protruded;
(7) make the sounds /æ, o/ more narrow similarly to the Russian /э, о/;
(8) make both elements of the diphthongs equally distinct;
(9) pronounce initial vowels with a glottal stop.