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346 The Encyclopedia of the Back and Spine Systems and Disorders
osteoporosis (continued)
corticosteroid injection 70
CSM 59
eating disorders, bone loss
caused by 84
etidronate 93
female athlete triad 100
fractures 106
homeopathic medicine 120
HRT 121
ibandronate 125
juvenile osteoporosis 136–137
kyphoplasty 140
kyphosis 141
low back pain 148
lumbar spine 154
mineral balance 168
myeloma bone disease 177
nutrition 188, 189
osteopetrosis 201
phytoestrogens 221
potassium 226
primary hyperparathyroidism
229
PTH 216
research 234
resistance training 237
risedronate sodium 244
RSD syndrome 234
sacral vertebrae 246
secondary osteoporosis 254–
255
SERMs 256
spine 278
strontium ranelate 287
vertebrae 303
vertebral compression fracture
304
vitamin A 307
vitamin D 309
weight-bearing exercise 313
X-ray 317
OT (occupational therapist)
149–150
over-the-counter (OTC) products
208–209
acetaminophen 4
backache 29
bisphosphonates 38
COX-2 inhibitors 72
naproxen 179
NSAID therapy 185–186
orthotics 193
pain relievers 213
paraspinal muscles 216
oxalic acid 49
P
Paget’s disease. See osteitis
deformans
pain xiii–xiv, 210–211. See also
specifi c forms of pain, e.g.: acute
back pain
pain management 211–213
acupuncture 7–8
biofeedback 33–34
corticosteroid injection 70–71
epidural injection 90–91
heat therapy 115–116
hydrotherapy 122–123
intrathecal spinal pump 132
magnetic therapy 158–159
massage therapy 160–162
nerve block 181–182
neurostimulation 184–185
NSAID therapy 185–186
opiates 191–192
pain relievers 213–215
PNT 217–218
SNRB 257–258
steroid therapy 283–284
TENS unit 299–300
topical analgesic 297–298
trigger point therapy 300–301
pain relievers 213–215
acetaminophen 3–4
naproxen 179
NSAID therapy 185–186
opiates 191–192
topical analgesic 297–298
paraspinal muscles 215–216
acute back pain 9
arachnoiditis 17
arthritis 19
athletes, spinal concerns of 22
backache 28
back injury 30
children, spinal concerns for
61
corpectomy 70
dislocated vertebra 81
eating disorders, bone loss
caused by 84
elderly, spinal concerns of 86
exercise 94
facet joint disorder 97
fl exion-extension injury 104
heat therapy 115
hydrotherapy 122
ibuprofen 126
infant massage therapy 129
iron 133
lifting 144
lordosis 147
lumbar spinal fusion 153
Marfan syndrome 159
MD 172
medical tests 162
mineral balance 167
muscle relaxants 171
musculoskeletal disorders
174
orthotics 193
posture 225
potassium 226
pregnancy, back care during
228
range of motion 232
resistance training 236
rhomboid muscle strain 241
rib injury 242
RICE method 243
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 249
Schmorl’s node 250
sciatica 251
scoliosis 252
spinal manipulation 272
spinal stenosis 273
spine 278
spondylolisthesis 281
sprain 283
strength training 285
thoracic outlet syndrome 295
thoracic spine 296
trigger point therapy 300
parathyroid hormone (PTH) 12,
15, 102, 216–217, 254
Index 347
penicillamine 81
PENS (percutaneous electrical
nerve stimulation). See
percutaneous neuromodulation
therapy
Percocet 3
percutaneous neuromodulation
therapy (PNT) 217–218
peripheral neuropathy 218–219
PET (positive emission
tomography) scan 223–224
phonemics 19
phosphate salts 220
phosphorus 137, 168, 169,
219–220
physical dependence 191–192
physical therapy v–vi
phytate 49
phytochemicals 187–188, 220–
221
phytoestrogens 188, 220, 221–
222
pinched nerve. See cervical
radiculopathy
piriformis syndrome 222–223,
251
pituitary gland 112
PNT (percutaneous
neuromodulation therapy)
217–218
poliomyelitis (post-polio
syndrome) 224–225
positive emission tomography
(PET) scan 223–224
post-polio syndrome 184, 224–
225
posture 225–226
absorptiometry 2
acute back pain 9
backache 28
back injury 30–31
backpack safety 31
bone building 39
CAM 68
cervical foraminal stenosis 53
cervical laminaplasty 54
children, spinal concerns for
61
dwarfi sm 82
elderly, spinal concerns of 86
ergonomic factors 91
fl at back 102
fl exion-extension injury 104
herniated disc 119
juvenile osteoporosis 136
juvenile spondyloarthritis
139
kyphosis 140–141
laminectomy 143
load tolerance 145
Marfan syndrome 160
MD 172
muscle cramp/spasm 170
neck pain 180
orthotics 192–194
osteitis deformans 194
osteogenesis imperfecta 198
osteoporosis 203
peripheral neuropathy 219
post-polio syndrome 224
pregnancy, back care during
227
range of motion 232
rhomboid muscle strain 241
rickets 244
Scheuermann’s kyphosis
249–250
scoliosis 252
SED 279
shoe choice, spinal effects of
260
skeletal dysplasia 262
spina bifi da 266
spinal manipulation 271
spinal tuberculosis 275
spine 278
thoracic spine 296
torticollis 298
trigger point therapy 300
vertebral subluxation 305
weight-bearing exercise 313
potassium 169, 187, 189, 226–
227
Pott’s Disease 274, 275
prednisone 173, 283–284
pregnancy, back care during 34,
46, 91, 148, 225, 227–228
pregnancy, nutrition during 266
primary hyperparathyroidism
228–229
product labels 214
progestin 121
prostaglandins 21
PTH. See parathyroid hormone
Q
qi (energy) 6–8
quadriplegia 267
quantitative computed
tomography (QCT) 42, 230
R
radiation exposure 227
radiation therapy 276–277
radiculitis (radiculopathy) 231,
291
Radiologic Vertebral Assessment
(RVA) 43
raloxifene 15–16, 256–257
range of motion 232–233
acute back pain 9
ankylosing spondylitis 13
arthritis 18
arthrodesis 21
cervical laminaplasty 54
cervical spine 56
cervical spondylosis 58
coccygeal spine 65
degenerative disc disease 74
elderly, spinal concerns of 87
exercise 95
facet joint disorder 97
fl exion-extension injury 104
foraminotomy 106
juvenile arthritis 135
lumbar radiculopathy 151
lumbar spinal fusion 153
MD 173
medical tests 162
muscle cramp/spasm 170
neck pain 180
nerve block 182
nerve compression 183
orthotics 192
osteoarthritis 197
piriformis syndrome 223
posture 226
radiculitis 231
348 The Encyclopedia of the Back and Spine Systems and Disorders
range of motion (continued)
rheumatoid arthritis 239
RSD syndrome 233
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
Schmorl’s node 250
sciatica 251
spinal injury 271
spinal manipulation 271
spinal tuberculosis 275
spine 278
spondylolisthesis 280
sprain 282
tension 293
thoracic outlet syndrome 295
thoracic spine 296
torticollis 298
trigger point therapy 300
ultrasound therapy 302
red pepper. See capsicum
refl ex sympathetic dystrophy
(RSD) syndrome 233–234
research 234–236
resistance training 94, 236–237,
242, 243
retinol 306–307
rhabdomyolysis 28, 166, 237–
238
rheumatism 88, 158, 238–239
rheumatoid arthritis 239–241
arthritis 18
atlantoaxial instability 26
biofeedback 33
COX-2 inhibitors 72
dislocated vertebra 81
DMARD 80
gold salt treatment 111
homeopathic medicine 120
hydrotherapy 122
ibuprofen 126
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
137
medical tests 162
osteoarthritis 195
osteoporosis 206
peripheral neuropathy 218
research 234
spinal infection 269
steroid therapy 283
TENS unit 299
rheumatoid spondylitis. See
ankylosing spondylitis
rheumatologist ix
rhomboid muscle strain 241–242
rib injury 71, 81, 101, 241, 242
RICE method 29, 53, 56, 243,
282, 285
rickets 102, 216, 243–244, 308
Ridaura (auranofi n) 112
risedronate sodium 37, 205,
244–245
rodding surgery 199, 245, 253,
288
RSD (refl ex sympathetic
dystrophy) syndrome 233–234
running 94–95
RVA (Radiologic Vertebral
Assessment) 43
S
sacral obliquity 246
sacral vertebrae 246–247
juvenile spondyloarthritis 139
lumbar radiculopathy 151
lumbar spine 154
pregnancy, back care during
227
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
sciatica 251
scoliosis 252
shoe choice, spinal effects of
260
SNRB 258
spinal tuberculosis 275
spinal tumor 277
spine 278
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
(sacroiliitis) 13, 246, 247
safety seat 130–131
SAPHO Syndrome 247–248
saturated fat 10
SBT (stability ball training) 303–
304
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 141,
249–250
Schmorl’s node 249, 250–251
sciatica 251–252
acute back pain 8
arachnoiditis 17
back injury 30
CES 52
discectomy 76
epidural injection 90
herniated disc 118
IDET 131
lumbar spinal fusion 152
NCV test 184
piriformis syndrome 222–223
radiculitis 231
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
SNRB 258
TENS unit 299
scoliosis 252–254
athletes, spinal concerns of 24
BMD tests 43
dwarfi sm 82
idiopathic scoliosis 126–128
image-guided surgery 128
load tolerance 145
lumbar spine 154
Marfan syndrome 160
orthotics 192
over-the-counter products 208
paraspinal muscles 215
posture 225
rickets 244
sacral vertebrae 246
skeletal dysplasia 262
spina bifi da 266
spine 278
thoracic spine 296
thoracoplasty 296
Scotch pine 19
secondary osteoporosis 254–255,
283
SED. See selective endoscopic
discectomy; spondyloepiphyseal
dysplasia
selective endoscopic discectomy
(SED) 255–256
selective estrogen receptor
modulators (SERMs) 15–16,
256–257
selective nerve root block (SNRB)
257–258, 269, 271
SERMs. See selective estrogen
receptor modulators
Index 349
shaken baby syndrome, shaken
infant syndrome 258–259
shoe choice, spinal effects of
260–262
children, spinal concerns for
61
exercise 94
juvenile spondyloarthritis
139
Marfan syndrome 160
orthotics 192
posture 225
pregnancy, back care during
228
rheumatoid arthritis 240
spine 278
vertebral subluxation 305
single proton absorptiometry
(SPA) 1
sitting 149
skeletal dysplasia 262–263
skeletal fl uorosis 263–264
sleep xiv, 264–265
arthritis 19
backache 28
birth defects of the spine 34
calcium 49
children, spinal concerns for
61
degenerative disc disease 74
elderly, spinal concerns of 86
FBSS 99
fi bromyalgia 100
genetic factors, genomics
110
herniated disc 119
low back pain 149
lumbar spine 155
magnetic therapy 159
microdiscectomy 167
neck pain 180
nutrition 189
opiates 192
osteoarthritis 195
pain 211
pain management 212
paraspinal muscles 215
post-polio syndrome 224
pregnancy, back care during
228
rheumatoid arthritis 240
rhomboid muscle strain 241
shaken baby syndrome 259
spinal infection 269
spinal tumor 276
spine 279
spondylolysis 282
steroid therapy 283
tension 294
weight-bearing exercise 313
SM. See syringomyelia
smoking 90, 307–308
SNRB. See selective nerve root
block
sodium 168, 169, 187, 227
soft drinks 137
Solganal (aurothioglucose) 112
Soma (carisoprodol) 171
soy products 222
SPA (single proton
absorptiometry) 1
Special Olympics 24
spina bifi da 34, 105, 154, 265–
267
spinal cord 267–268
arachnoiditis 16–17
birth injury to the spine 36
corpectomy 69
dwarfi sm 82
medical tests 162
MRI 157
myelogram 175
NCV test 184
neck pain 181
nerve compression 183
QCT 230
range of motion 232
research 235
rheumatoid arthritis 239
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 249
shaken baby syndrome 258
skeletal dysplasia 262
skeletal fl uorosis 263
SM 292
spinal stenosis 273
spine 278
surgery 288
torticollis 298
vertebral compression fracture
304
spinal decompression. See cervical
laminaplasty; laminectomy
spinal fusion. See arthrodesis
spinal infection 268–269
acute back pain 8
CAM 67
coccydynia 65
corticosteroid injection 70
epidural injection 91
exercise 94
hydrotherapy 122
magnetic therapy 159
medical tests 162
meningitis 163–164
meningitis, meningococcal
disease 163–164
musculoskeletal disorders
174
nerve block 182
rheumatoid arthritis 239
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
SAPHO Syndrome 248
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 249
SED 255
spinal tuberculosis 274
spinal injection 269–270
arachnoiditis 17
fl exion-extension injury 103
fl uoroscopy 104
heart, effects of the spine on
the 114
lumbar radiculopathy 151
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
spinal injury 271
spinal injury 41, 46, 57, 270–271
spinal manipulation 271–273
arthritis 19
birth injury to the spine 36
brachial plexus injury 47
cervical foraminal stenosis 53
cervical spine 56
cervical spondylosis 58
cervicogenic headache 60
degenerative disc disease 74
heart, effects of the spine on
the 114
massage therapy 160
rheumatoid arthritis 240
350 The Encyclopedia of the Back and Spine Systems and Disorders
spinal manipulation (continued)
rib injury 242
Schmorl’s node 250
scoliosis 252
spinal injury 271
spine 279
synovial cyst 291
vertebral subluxation 305
Spinal-Muscular Atrophy (SMA).
See Werdnig-Hoffman disease
spinal stenosis vi–vii, 273–274
cervical laminaplasty 54
degenerative disc disease 74
dwarfi sm 82
facet joint disorder 97
foraminotomy 106
nerve block 182
nerve compression 183
orthotics 192
paraspinal muscles 215
SED 255
spinal injury 271
spinal tuberculosis 275
spine 279
vertebrae 303
weight, effects of 314
spinal tap. See lumbar puncture
spinal tuberculosis 17, 162,
274–276
spinal tumor 276–278
acute back pain 8
cancer 50
CAT scan 69
children, spinal concerns for
61
coccydynia 65
CSM 59
environmental infl uences 89
epidural injection 91
nerve compression 183
spine xii–xiii, 278–279. See also
specifi c regions of the spine, e.g.:
cervical spine
spondylitis. See ankylosing
spondylitis
spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
(SED) 279–280
spondylolisthesis 280–281
backache 28
lordosis 147
rheumatoid arthritis 239
spinal stenosis 273
spondylolysis 281
synovial cyst 291
weight, effects of 314
spondylolysis 281–282
sports injury. See athletes, spinal
concerns of
sprain 282–283
acupuncture 7
exercise 94
magnetic therapy 159
muscle relaxants 171
range of motion 232
shoe choice, spinal effects of
260
spine 278
strain 285
strength training 286
ultrasound therapy 302
stability ball training (SBT) 303–
304
standing 149
stem cells 268
stenosis. See spinal stenosis
steroid therapy v, 173, 220, 254,
271, 283–284, 291
strain 285
backache 28
children, spinal concerns for
61
exercise 94
muscle relaxants 171
pain management 212
pregnancy, back care during
227
range of motion 232
rhomboid muscle strain 241
spinal manipulation 272
spine 278
sprain 282
strength training 286
ultrasound therapy 302
strength training 285–287
brachial plexus injury 47
cervical spine 57
cervicogenic headache 60
children, spinal concerns for
61
exercise 94
fl exion-extension injury 104
metabolic diseases of muscle
166
paraspinal muscles 216
rib injury 242
RICE method 243
stress (psychological) ix, 293–
294. See also tension
strontium ranelate 15, 287–288
substance P 214, 297
sulfasalazine 80, 81
sunscreen 308
supplements
nutrition 187–198
over-the-counter products 208
phosphorus 219–220
phytochemicals 220–221
potassium 226
sleep 264–265
vitamin B-complex 307
vitamin E 309
zinc 318
surgery 288–291. See also
minimally invasive surgery
anterior cervical discectomy
14–15
arthrodesis 20–21
bone graft 41–42
cervical laminaplasty
54
corpectomy 69–70
discectomy 76–77
disc nucleoplasty 77–78
disc replacement 79–80
foraminotomy 106
IDET 131–132
image-guided surgery 128–
129
kyphoplasty 140
laminectomy 142–143
lumbar spinal fusion 152–
154
microdiscectomy 166–167
rodding surgery 245
SED 255–256
thoracoplasty 296–297
vertebroplasty 306
swayback. See lordosis
swimming 198
synovial cyst 291–292
syringomyelia (SM) 59, 292
Index 351
T
tailbone 65. See also coccygeal
spine
tamoxifen 256
T-cells 1
tension ix, 293–294
acupressure 6
biofeedback 33
low back pain 149
magnesium 156
mineral balance 168
muscle cramp/spasm 170
muscle relaxants 171
neck pain 180
nutrition 186–187
osteoarthritis 195
paraspinal muscles 215
shoe choice, spinal effects of
260
sleep 265
strain 285
trigger point therapy 300
vitamin B-complex 307
TENS unit. See transcutaneous
electronic nerve stimulator unit
teriparatide 216–217, 255
testosterone 15, 122
tests. See medical tests for
conditions affecting the back and
spine
tetraplegia 267
thoracic insuffi ciency syndrome
297
thoracic outlet syndrome 231,
295
thoracic spine 296
arthrodesis 20
cervical radiculopathy 55
corpectomy 69
DISH 75
fractures 107
heart, effects of the spine on
the 114
herniated disc 118
infants, spinal concerns for
131
laminectomy 142
lifting 144
load tolerance 145
nerve block 182
osteomyelitis 200
posture 225
range of motion 232
rhomboid muscle strain 241
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 249
Schmorl’s node 250
scoliosis 252
SED 280
spinal cord 267
spinal tuberculosis 275
spondylolysis 281
surgery 288
tension 294
thoracoplasty 296
vertebral subluxation 305
thoracoplasty 296–297
tizanidine (Zanafl ex) 172
topical analgesic 19, 29, 213,
297–298
torticollis 23, 25, 171, 298–299
TOS. See thoracic outlet syndrome
toxicity 156
trace minerals 167–169
traction 59, 118, 271, 299
transarticular screw 25
transcutaneous electronic nerve
stimulator (TENS) unit 19, 223,
299–300
trigger point therapy 300–301
T-score 201
tuberculosis. See spinal
tuberculosis
turmeric 117
twisted neck. See torticollis
Tylenol 3
U
ultrasound therapy 8, 28, 65,
185, 302
ultraviolet (UV) rays 308
urinalysis 162–163
U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) 116
V
vagus nerve 114
valerian 240, 264–265
Valium (diazepam) 171
vertebrae ix–x, 303–304
adolescents, spinal concerns
for 10
ankylosing spondylitis 13
atlantoaxial instability 25
cancer 50
cervical foraminal stenosis 53
cervical radiculopathy 55
cervical spine 56
cervical spondylosis 58
ergonomic factors 92
facet joint disorder 97
fl at back 102
foraminotomy 106
fractures 107
image-guided surgery 128
infants, spinal concerns for
130
juvenile osteoporosis 136
juvenile spondyloarthritis 138
lifting 144
lumbar radiculopathy 151
lumbar spinal fusion 152
lumbar spine 154
magnesium 156
medical tests 162
mineral balance 167
musculoskeletal disorders 174
nerve compression 182–183
opiates 191
orthotics 192–194
osteomyelitis 200
osteopenia 201
peripheral neuropathy 218
posture 225
pregnancy, back care during
227
PTH 216
range of motion 232
research 234
rheumatoid arthritis 239
rib injury 242
RICE method 243
sacral vertebrae 246–247
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 249
sciatica 251
SED 279–280
shaken baby syndrome 258
spina bifi da 266
spinal cord 267
352 The Encyclopedia of the Back and Spine Systems and Disorders
vertebrae (continued)
spinal infection 268
spinal manipulation 271
spinal stenosis 273
spinal tuberculosis 274
spine 278
spondylolisthesis 280
spondylolysis 281
steroid therapy 283
surgery 288
synovial cyst 291
traction 299
weight, effects of 314
vertebral compression fracture
304–305
activity, daily 4
acute back pain 8
antiresorptive drug 15
bisphosphonates 38
bone building 39
calcitonin 48
CAM 67
female athlete triad 100
fractures 107–108
HRT 121
kyphoplasty 140
kyphosis 141
low back pain 148
lumbar spine 154
MBD 165
MRI 157
musculoskeletal disorders 175
myeloma bone disease 177
osteitis deformans 194
risedronate sodium 244
sacral vertebrae 246
SERMs 256
thoracic spine 296
vertebrae 303
vertebroplasty 306
vertebral subluxation 305
atlantoaxial instability 25
backpack safety 32
birth injury to the spine 36
brachial plexus injury 47
degenerative disc disease 74
dislocated vertebra 81
heart, effects of the spine on
the 114
nerve compression 183
paraspinal muscles 215
rib injury 242
spinal manipulation 271
vertebral subluxation complex
(VSC) 36
vertebroplasty 140, 304, 306
Vioxx 18
viral meningitis 164
vitamin A 51, 90, 133, 168,
306–307
vitamin B-complex 307
birth defects of the spine 34
CSM 59
folate 105–106
magnesium 156
mineral balance 168
nutrition 189
spina bifi da 266
vitamin C 307–308
cancer 51
elderly, spinal concerns of 86
environmental infl uences 90
herbal therapy 116
iron 133
mineral balance 168
osteoarthritis 196
secondary osteoporosis 254
weight, effects of 314–315
vitamin D 308–309
calcium 49
cervical spine 57
coccygeal spine 66
juvenile osteoporosis 137
magnesium 156
mineral balance 168
nutrition 187
osteitis deformans 194
osteoarthritis 196
osteoporosis 204, 206–207
phosphorus 220
rickets 243
secondary osteoporosis 254
SERMs 257
vitamin E 19, 51, 90, 156, 196,
309
vitamin K 116–117, 187, 208,
309–310
vitamin supplements 208
VSC (vertebral subluxation
complex) 36
W
walking 4–5, 87, 143
water and spine health xiv,
311–312
disc, disk 75
environmental infl uences 90
rhabdomyolysis 237
rheumatoid arthritis 240
rhomboid muscle strain 241
RICE method 243
risedronate sodium 244
secondary osteoporosis 255
skeletal fl uorosis 263
SNRB 258
spinal infection 269
spinal tumor 278
spine 279
spondylolysis 282
sprain 283
steroid therapy 284
surgery 290
trigger point therapy 301
vertebrae 304
weight, effects of 315
weight-bearing exercise 313
weight, effects of 313–315
athletes, spinal concerns of
24
birth defects of the spine 34
cancer 51
degenerative disc disease 74
exercise 94
herniated disc 119
low back pain 148
MD 173
nerve compression 183
nutrition 187
orthotics 193
osteoarthritis 197
posture 225
pregnancy, back care during
227
weight-bearing exercise 312–
313
Werdnig-Hoffman disease 315–
316
whiplash 103
willow bark 19, 116, 214
wintergreen 29
wryneck. See torticollis
Index 353
X
X-ray vii, 317
absorptiometry 1, 2
ankylosing spondylitis 13
arachnoiditis 17
arthritis 18
cancer 50
CAT scan 68–69
discogram 78
FBSS 99
fl uoroscopy 104–105
foraminotomy 106
image-guided surgery 128
juvenile arthritis 135
juvenile spondyloarthritis 139
kyphoplasty 140
MBD 165
medical tests 162
MRI 157
myelogram 175–176
osteoarthritis 195
osteogenesis imperfecta 198
pregnancy, back care during
227
radiculitis 231
rheumatoid arthritis 239
rib injury 242
rickets 244
rodding surgery 245
sacroiliac joint pain syndrome
247
Scheuermann’s kyphosis 249
Schmorl’s node 250
sciatica 251
scoliosis 253
SED 255
spinal injection 270
spondylolisthesis 280
spondylolysis 281
surgery 288
X STOP implant vii, 142, 274
Y
yogurt 49, 137
Z
Zanafl ex (tizanidine) 172
zinc 156, 168, 169, 318
zinc supplements 133
354
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Mary Harwell Sayler is an award-winning medical writer, poet, and writing
instructor with extensive publishing credits, including The Encyclopedia of Muscle
& Skeletal Systems & Disorders released in 2005 by Facts On File.
Arya Nick Shamie, M.D., is a professor of orthopedic spine surgery and neuro-
surgery at UCLA with vast experience in the surgical treatment of spinal dis-
orders. Known nationally and internationally for his frequent presentations on
various topics related to spinal surgery, his published works include numerous
book chapters and articles.
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