Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_6057_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Treatment Options and Outlook
Regarding the overall prognosis, the NORD advised,
“most affected children die before 2 years of age
but survival may be dependent on the degree of
respiratory function.” Conversely, “for infants who
appear to have normal development for several
months prior to the onset of muscle weakness, the
disorder may tend to have a more slowly progres-
sive course.”
Treatments primarily aim to make patients com-
fortable, but active therapies may include occupa-
tional therapy, speech therapy,
HYDROTHERAPY, and
therapeutic
EXERCISE to aid breathing and muscle
movement. Parents should also discuss the best
course of
NUTRITION with the pediatrician or a dieti-
cian who specializes in child care.
Risk Factors and Preventive Measures
Because of the genetic factors involved, the National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
(NINDS) advised prospective parents to get genetic
counseling. The NINDS also reported, “Researchers
have found the specific gene that, when mutated,
causes SMA. Several animal models of the disease
have been developed as well as tests that can deter-
mine SMA gene function. This allows scientists to
screen drugs that may be useful in treating SMA.”
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
“NINDS Spinal Muscular Atrophy Information Page,”
National Institutes of Health. Available online. URL:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/sma/sma.htm.
Last updated January 25, 2006.
National Organization for Rare Disorders. “Werdnig-
Hoffman Disease,” NORD. Available online. URL: http://
www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.
html?disname=Werdnig%20Hoffman%20Disease.
Downloaded May 17, 2006.
SMA Support, Inc. “About SMA,” Spinal Muscular Atro-
phy. Available online. URL: http://www.smasupport.
com/sma_main_page.htm. Downloaded May 17,
2006.
whiplash See FLEXION-EXTENSION INJURY.
wryneck See TORTICOLLIS.
316 whiplash
317
X-ray
Also known as a radiograph, this diagnos-
tic tool utilizes electromagnetic waves to produce
internal images of the body onto film. X-rays espe-
cially help to detect problems in teeth, bones,
VER-
TEBRAE, and the musculoskeletal system. To assess
soft tissue, a
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT or CAT)
SCAN or MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) will
usually be preferred.
Procedure
With all jewelry and metal objects removed,
patients either lie down or stand in various posi-
tions as a technician takes two or three views of
an area. To avoid blurring the picture, the patient
must remain completely still for a few seconds as
each X-ray is taken.
Risks and Complications
I
NFANTS, very young CHILDREN, ELDERLY persons,
and pregnant women may be sensitive to X-rays,
but for most patients, the risk of radiation expo-
sure remains minimal. Risks increase for those
who have had numerous X-rays in a short time or
who have been subjected to adverse
ENVIRONMEN-
TAL INFLUENCES involving radiation. This excessive
exposure can cause complications, such as nausea
or hair loss, and increase the risk of
CANCER.
Outlook and Lifestyle Modifi cations
Radiographs help to detect various disorders of the
SPINE, from a bone FRACTURE to an OSTEOPHYTE to
a
SPINAL TUMOR. X-rays can also monitor bone loss
in an ongoing condition, such as
OSTEOPOROSIS or
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA, and evaluate curve pro-
gression in such
POSTURE problems as SCOLIOSIS,
LORDOSIS, or KYPHOSIS. Whether used as a diagnos-
tic tool or a monitoring device, X-rays provide the
information needed to determine an appropriate
course of treatment.
Radiological Society of North America, Inc. “X-Ray,” RSNA.
Available online. URL: http://www.radiologyinfo.org/
glossary/glossary1.cfm?sTerm=X. Downloaded May 17,
2006.
Spine Institute of New York. “X-Ray,” Beth Israel Med-
ical Center. Available online. URL: http://www.
spineinstituteny.com/conditions/xray.html. Down-
loaded May 17, 2006.
X
318
zinc
This essential mineral can be found in many
foods and almost every cell of the body. According
to the Office of Dietary Supplements, “zinc . . . stim-
ulates the activity of approximately 100 enzymes,
which are substances that promote biochemical
reactions in your body. Zinc supports a healthy
immune system, is needed for wound healing,
helps maintain your sense of taste and smell, and
is needed for DNA synthesis.” In addition, zinc aids
bone development in growing
INFANTS, CHILDREN,
and
ADOLESCENTS.
Dosage and Potential Side Effects
Baked beans, fortified cereals, and most meats,
including shellfish, offer forms of
NUTRITION high in
zinc. Vegetarians and people who consume large
quantities of alcohol may develop a zinc deficiency
as may children with growth deficiencies. Such
instances require zinc supplements, but excessive
doses can alter
MINERAL BALANCE.
For babies six months to three years, the Recom-
mended Daily Allowance (RDA) is 3 mg. For chil-
dren four to eight, the RDA is 5 mg. The RDA of 8
mg for children 8 to 13 increases to 11 mg for male
adolescents and adults. Pregnant teenagers need a
higher amount of 13 mg, but women 19 and older
need 11 mg during pregnancy and 12 mg during
lactation. Otherwise, RDA for women remains
around 8 mg.
Statistics and Studies
The Office of Dietary Supplements reported, “Some
researchers have questioned the effect of iron for-
tification on absorption of other nutrients, includ-
ing zinc. Fortification of foods with iron does not
significantly affect zinc absorption. However, large
amounts of iron in supplements (greater than 25
mg) may decrease zinc absorption, as can iron in
solutions. Taking iron supplements between meals
will help decrease its effect on zinc absorption.”
In other
RESEARCH involving zinc, “a study of
over 100 employees of the Cleveland Clinic indi-
cated that zinc lozenges decreased the duration of
colds by one-half, although no differences were
seen in how long fevers lasted or the level of mus-
cle aches.” Still other studies showed “when zinc
supplements are given to individuals with low zinc
levels, the numbers of T-cell lymphocytes circulat-
ing in the blood increase and the ability of lympho-
cytes to fight infection improves.”
National Agricultural Library. “USDA National Nutrient
Database for Standard Reference, Release 18,” U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Available online. URL:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR18/
nutrlist/sr18a309.pdf. Downloaded May 17, 2006.
Office of Dietary Supplements. “Zinc,” National Institutes
of Health. Available online. URL: http://ods.od.nih.gov/
factsheets/cc/zinc.html. Downloaded May 17, 2006.
Z
APPENDIXES
Appendix I: National and International Organizations for the
Back and Spine
Appendix II: Related Organizations
Appendix III: Other Relevant Web Sites
Appendix IV: Internet Journals and Magazines
321
Adolescent Scoliosis Society
of North America
P.O. Box 1178
Rocky Mount, NC 27802-1178
(252) 754-8268 (fax)
JMOSTE84@aol.com
http://www.teenscolinet.org/
American Back Society
2647 International Boulevard, Suite 401
Oakland, CA 94601
(510) 536-1812 (fax)
info@americanbacksoc.org
http://www.americanbacksoc.org/
American Society of Spine Radiology
2210 Midwest Road, Suite 207
Oak Brook, IL 60523-8205
(630) 574-0220 ext. 226
(630) 574-0661 (fax)
kcammarata@asnr.org
http://www.theassr.org/
American Spinal Injury Association - ASIA
2020 Peachtree Road, NW
Atlanta, GA 30309-1402
(404) 355-9772
(404) 355-1826 (fax)
http://www.asia-spinalinjury.org/
Bone and Joint Decade
The Bone and Joint Decade Secretariat
Department of Orthopaedics
University Hospital
221 85 Lund
Sweden
+46 46 17 71 67 (fax)
bjd@ort.lu.se
http://www.boneandjointdecade.org/
Cervical Spine Research Society
6300 North River Road, Suite 727
Rosemont, IL 60018-4226
(847) 698-1628
(847) 823-0536 (fax)
http://www.csrs.org/
The International Society for the Study
of the Lumbar Spine
2075 Bayview Avenue
Room MG323
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4N 3M5
(4l6) 480-4833
(4l6) 480-6055 (fax)
http://www.issls.org/
The International Spine Intervention Society
(ISIS)
5 Ash Avenue
Kentfield, CA 94904-1504
(888) 255-0005 or (415) 457-ISIS (4747)
(415) 457-3495 fax
http://www.spinalinjection.com/a/
Model Spinal Cord Injury Center System
(MSCIS) Dissemination Center
TIRR, B-107
1333 Moursund
Houston, TX 77030-3405
(713) 797-5971
(713) 797-5982 (fax)
http://www.mscisdisseminationcenter.org/
APPENDIX I
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
FOR THE BACK AND SPINE
322 The Encyclopedia of the Back and Spine Systems and Disorders
National Scoliosis Foundation
5 Cabot Place
Stoughton, MA 02072
(800) 673-6922 or (800) NSF-MYBACK
(781) 341-8333 (fax)
nsf@scoliosis.org
http://www.scoliosis.org/
National Spinal Cord Injury Association
(NSCIA)
6701 Democracy Boulevard
Suite 300-9
Bethesda, MD 20817
(800) 962-9629
(301) 881-9817 (fax)
info@spinalcord.org
http://www.spinalcord.org/
North American Spine Society
22 Calendar Court, 2nd Floor
LaGrange, IL 60525
(877) 774-6337
info@spine.org
http://www.spine.org/
The Scoliosis Association, Inc.
P.O. Box 811705
Boca Raton, FL 33481
(561) 994-4435
(561) 994-2455 (fax)
http://www.scoliosis-assoc.org/
Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)
555 East Wells Street
Suite 1100
Milwaukee, WI 53202-3823
(414) 289-9107
(414) 276-3349 (fax)
info@srs.org
http://www.srs.org/
Spina Bifida Association of America
4590 MacArthur Boulevard, NW
Suite 250
Washington, DC 20007-4226
(800) 621-3141 or (202) 944-3285
sbaa@sbaa.org
http://www.sbaa.org
Spinal Cord Injury Informational Network
UAB Model SCI System
Office of Research Services
619 19th Street South, SRC 529
Birmingham, AL 35249-7330
(205) 934-3283
sciweb@uab.edu
http://www.spinalcord.uab.edu/
Spinal Injury Foundation (SIF)
11080 Circle Point Road
Suite 140
(866) 5-SPINE-5 or (866) 577-4635
(303) 429-6373 (fax)
http://www.spinalinjuryfoundation.org/
Spine-health.com
123 West Madison Street
Suite 1450
Chicago, IL 60602
admin@spine-health.com
http://spine-health.com/
UCLA Spine Center
1245 16th Street, Suite 202
Santa Monica, CA 90404
(310) 440-2999
http://www.espinecare.com/
323
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
540 Gaither Road, Suite 2000
Rockville, MD 20850
(301) 427-1364
http://www.ahrq.gov/
AMC Cancer Research Center
1600 Pierce Street
Denver, CO 80214
(800) 321-1557 or (303) 233-6501
http://www.amc.org/
American Academy of Family Physicians
(AAFP)
P.O. Box 11210
Shawnee Mission, KS 66207-1210
(800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000
fp@aafp.org
http://www.aafp.org/
American Academy of Medical Acupuncture
(AAMA)
4929 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 428
Los Angeles, CA 90010
(323) 937-5514
JDOWDEN@prodigy.net
http://www.medicalacupuncture.org/
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
(AAOS)
6300 North River Road
Rosemont, IL 60018-4262
(847) 823-7186 or (800) 346-AAOS
(847) 823-8125 (fax)
pemr@aaos.org
http://www.aaos.org/
American Academy of Pain Management
13947 Mono Way #A
Sonora, CA 95370
(209) 533-9744
(209) 533-9750 (fax)
aapm@aapainmanage.org
http://www.aapainmanage.org/
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
National Headquarters
141 Northwest Point Boulevard
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098
(847) 434-4000
(847) 434-8000 (fax)
http://www.aap.org/
American Academy of Physical Medicine
& Rehabilitation (AAPM & R)
330 North Wabash Avenue, Suite 2500
Chicago, IL 60611-3604
(312) 464-9700
(312) 464-0227 (fax)
info@aapmr.org
http://www.aapmr.org/
American Chiropractic Association (ACA)
1701 Clarendon Boulevard
Arlington, VA 22209
(703) 276-8800
(703) 243-2593 (fax)
memberinfo@acatoday.org
http://www.amerchiro.org/
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
P.O. Box 1440
Indianapolis, IN 46206-1440
(317) 637-9200, ext. 138
(317) 634-7817 (fax)
http://www.acsm.org/index.asp
American Dietetic Association (ADA)
120 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 2000
Chicago, IL 60606-6995
(800) 877-1600
http://www.eatright.org
APPENDIX II
RELATED ORGANIZATIONS
324 The Encyclopedia of the Back and Spine Systems and Disorders
American Geriatrics Society (AGS)
The Empire State Building
350 Fifth Avenue, Suite 801
New York, NY 10118
(212) 308-1414
(212) 832-8646 (fax)
info@americangeriatrics.org
http://www.americangeriatrics.org/
American Massage Therapy Association
(AMTA)
500 Davis Street, Suite 900
Evanston, IL 60201
(877) 905-2700 or (847) 864-0123
(847) 864-1178 (fax)
info@amtamassage.org
http://www.amtamassage.org/
American Medical Association (AMA)
515 North State Street
Chicago, IL 60610
(800) 621-8335
http://www.ama-assn.org/
American Occupational Therapy Association
(AOTA)
4720 Montgomery Lane
P.O. Box 31220
Bethesda, MD 20824-1220
(800) 377-8555 or (301) 652-2682
(301) 652-7711 (fax)
educate@aota.org
http://www.aota.org/
American Osteopathic Foundation (AOF)
142 East Ontario Street
Chicago, IL 60611
(800) 621-1773, ext. 8234, 8230, 8232, 8233 or
(312) 202-8234
(312) 202-8216 (fax)
info@aof-foundation.org
http://www.aof-foundation.org/
American Pain Foundation (APF)
201 North Charles Street, Suite 710
Baltimore, MD 21201-4111
(888) 615-PAIN (7246)
info@painfoundation.org
http://www.painfoundation.org/
American Pain Society (APS)
4700 West Lake Avenue
Glenview, IL 60025
(847) 375-4715
(877) 734-8758 (fax)
info@ampainsoc.org
http://www.ampainsoc.org/
American Physical Therapy Association (APTA)
1111 North Fairfax Street
Alexandria, VA 22314-1488
(800) 999-APTA (2782) or
(703) 684-APTA (2782)
(703) 684-7343 (fax)
http://www.apta.org/
Arthritis Foundation
P.O. Box 7669
Atlanta, GA 30357-0669
(800) 568-4045 or (404) 872-7100
help@arthritis.org.
http://www.arthritis.org/
Arthritis Research Institute of America
300 South Duncan Avenue, Suite 188
Clearwater, FL 33755
(727) 461-4054
(727) 449-9227 (fax)
info@preventarthritis.org
http://www.preventarthritis.org/
CureSearch
National Childhood Cancer Foundation
4600 East West Highway, Suite 600
Bethesda, MD 20814-3457
(800) 458-6223
info@curesearch.org
http://www.curesearch.org
International Myeloma Foundation
12650 Riverside Drive, Suite 206
North Hollywood, CA 91607-3421
(800) 452-2873 (U.S. and Canada)
(818) 487-7455 (elsewhere)
(818) 487-7454 (fax)
TheIMF@myeloma.org
http://www.myeloma.org
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10605
(914) 997-4488
http://www.marchofdimes.com/
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
NCI Public Inquiries Office
6116 Executive Boulevard
Room 3036A
Bethesda, MD 20892-8322
(800) 4-CANCER or (800) 422-6237
cancergovstaff@mail.nih.gov
http://www.cancer.gov/
National Center for Complementary and
Alternative Medicine (NCCAM)
NCCAM Clearinghouse
P.O. Box 7923
Gaithersburg, MD 20898-7923
(888) 644-6226
(866) 464-3615 (for hearing impaired)
(301) 519-3153 (international number)
(866) 464-3616 (fax)
info@nccam.nih.gov
http://nccam.nih.gov/
National Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia
Association (NCFSFA)
P.O. Box 18426
Kansas City, MO 64133
(816) 313-2000
information@ncfsfa.org
http://www.ncfsfa.org/
National Chronic Pain Outreach Association
(NCPOA)
P.O. Box 274
Millboro, VA 24460
(540) 862-9437
(540) 862-9485 (fax)
http://www.chronicpain.org/
National Fibromyalgia Association (NFA)
2200 North Glassell Street, Suite A
Orange, CA 92865
(714) 921-0150
(714) 921-6920 (fax)
nfanurse@comcast.net
http://www.fmaware.org/
National Foundation for the Treatment
of Pain
P.O. Box 70045
Houston, TX 77270-0045
(713) 862-9332
(713) 862-9346 (fax)
http://www.paincare.org/
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892
(301) 496-4000
NIHinfo@od.nih.gov
http://www.nih.gov/
National Institutes of Health: Osteoporosis
and Related Bone Diseases
2 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3676
(800)-624-BONE or (202) 223-0344
(202) 293-2356 (fax)
http://www.niams.nih.gov/bone
National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF)
1232 22nd Street NW
Washington, DC 20037-1292
(202) 223-2226
(202) 223-2237 (fax)
http://www.nof.org/
National Pain Foundation (NPF)
300 East Hampden Avenue, Suite 100
Englewood, CO 80113
aardrup@nationalpainfoundation.org
http://www.nationalpainfoundation.org/
Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation
804 West Diamond Avenue, Suite 210
Gaithersburg, MD 20878
(800) 981-BONE (2663) or (301) 947-0083
(301) 947-0456 (fax)
bonelink@oif.org
http://www.oif.org/
The Paget Foundation
120 Wall Street, Suite 1602
New York, NY 10005-4001
(800) 23-PAGET or (212) 509-5335
(212) 509-8492 (fax)
Pagetfdn@aol.com
http://www.paget.org/
The President’s Council on Physical Fitness
and Sports (PCPFS)
Department W, Room 738-H
Appendix II 325
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана