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115
6
Drug Repurposing and
Tumor Microenvironment
in Cancer
Waliza Ansar
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Cancer is one of the world’s critical health distresses with high clinical burden. Cancer
is a complex heterogeneous multiple disorders earmarked by several hallmarks: sus-
taining proliferative signaling, instability of genomic makeup, enhancing replicative
immortality, preventing cell death, inammation, de novo angiogenesis, evading the
immune system, invasion and metastasis (Stanta et al 2016). Cancer cells do not
simply escape the immune supervision by host cells or themselves. Cancer cells can
craft an immunosuppressive vibrant microenvironment encompassing the surround-
ing cells to impede tumor growth. This microenvironment is known as tumor micro-
environment (TME) (Malik et al 2022).
Tumorigenesis is a complex and multilayered process, in which consecutive muta-
tions in tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes virtually causes in prolic growth
and resistance to cell death. Most of the known human tumor types were dened
by has a range of hallmarks, which were all mentioned in Table6.1 (Hanahan and
Weilberg 2000, 2011).
The integrated network of tumor microenvironment and its multifaceted interac-
tions creates a spotlight of modern research rather than malignant cancer. The tumor
microenvironment with all its components also contributes to the development of
cancer (Hanahan and Coussens 2012). Studies have provided some evidence that
human tumor cells in due course creates a mass of malignant cancer cells. Tumor
cells secrete chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors to competently recruit
immune cells, vascular cells, and stromal cells. These recruited cells release inter-
mediate metabolites and growth-promoting signals to recreate the tumor microenvi-
ronment. The interactive communication between the microenvironment and cancer
cells causes proliferation, metastasis and nally death (Zhang et al 2020).
Recent progress in the tumor microenvironment research includes its compo-
sition, its components, cellular crosstalk to unveil the heterogeneity of this niche,
variable stages of their differentiation and proliferative purposes. The TME encom-
passes a assorted range of immune and non-immune cells that diverge in oncogenic,
phylogenic, phenotypic expressions and functional distinctiveness, immune commu-
nications, tumor potential for proliferation, and response to therapeutic modalities.
DOI: 10.1201/9781003405023-6