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CORE VALUES IN
FAMILY MEDICINE
is new book explores the core values of family medicine nationally,
regionally, and globally, to identify if and/or where there is consensus and
where these diversify in relation to contextual factors. Aligned with the
WHO’s denition of primary healthcare and goal of universal health coverage
and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, the book documents
a global enquiry by teams of experts representing each world region on the
vision, mission, core values and principles, and denition of family medicine
in dierent countries. Each team has adopted dierent approaches and
strategies in their exploration, ndings, and conclusions.
A common identity for family doctors is important for research agendas,
training, recognition of the specialty, and advocacy. However, there is much
diversity within and across the regions in the training and the practice of
the discipline of family medicine, reected in the core values. e ultimate
goal is a shared vocabulary of humanity for colleagues throughout the world,
enriched rather than hindered by their dierences.
e book will be an invaluable guide for general practitioners, family
physicians, family medicine specialists, and other primary care doctors and a
useful reference for other primary care health professionals including practice,
school and other primary care nurses, medical assistants, paramedics, and
community pharmacists. It will also serve as recommended or supplementary
reading in undergraduate medical and nursing programmes, in university-
based postgraduate courses and master programmes in relevant primary
care–related topics, and in vocational training programmes in general
practice/family medicine.
WONCA Family Medicine
About the series
e WONCA Family Medicine series is a collection of books written by world-
wide experts and practitioners of family medicine, in collaboration with e
World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA). WONCA is a not-for-
prot organization and was founded in 1972 by member organizations in
18 countries. It now has 118 Member Organizations in 131 countries and
territories with membership of about 500,000 family doctors and more than
90 per cent of the world’s population.
How To Do Primary Care Educational Research: APractical Guide
Mehmet Akman, Valerie Wass, Felicity Goodyear-Smith
ICPC-3 International Classication of Primary Care: User Manual and
Classication
Kees van Boven and Huib Ten Napel
Family Medicine in the Undergraduate Curriculum: Preparing Medical
Students to Work in Evolving Health Care Systems
Valerie Wass, Victor Ng
Anxiety and Depression in Primary Care: International Perspectives
Sherina Mohd-Sidik, Felicity Goodyear-Smith
Core Values in Family Medicine: Inspiring Global Change
Anna Stavdal, Johann Agust Sigurdsson, Felicity Goodyear-Smith
Digital Health in Primary Care
Ana Luisa Neves, Liliana Laranjo
Challenges in Primary Mental Health Care
Christos Lionis, Christopher Dowrick
For more information about this series please visit: https://www.crcpress.
com/WONCA-Family-Medicine/book-series/WONCA
CORE VALUES IN
FAMILY MEDICINE
Inspiring Global Change
EDITED BY
Anna Stavdal, MD
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Johann Agust Sigurdsson, MD, GP, Dr Med
University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland, and Norwegian University
of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Felicity Goodyear-Smith, MBChB, MGP, MD, FRNZCGP (Dist)
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Designed cover image: Getty Images. Credit: BeholdingEye
First edition published 2026
by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor& Francis Group, LLC
© 2026 selection and editorial matter, Anna Stavdal, Johann Agust Sigurdsson, and Felicity Goodyear-
Smith individual chapters, the contributors
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all
reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the authors nor
the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may
be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by
individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the
views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended
for use by medical, scientific or healthcare professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to
the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history,
relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the
rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses
should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug
formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and
their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in
this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for
a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make
his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors
and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this
publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been
obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we
may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.copyright.
com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermis-
sions@tandf.co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-89333-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-89328 -0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-54235-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003542353
Typeset in Minion Pro
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
v
Endorsement by the WONCA President vii
Foreword by Henry Lawson ix
Acknowledgements xi
The editors xiii
List of contributors xv
1 Introduction to the core values project 1
Anna Stavdal, Johann Agust Sigurdsson,
and Felicity Goodyear-Smith
2 Processes of exploration into the core values
of family medicine 13
Anna Stavdal, Johann Agust Sigurdsson,
and Felicity Goodyear-Smith
3 Family medicine core values in Africa 27
Innocent K. Besigye, Keneilwe Motlhatlhedi,
Catherine Gathu, and Nana Kwame Ayisi-Boateng
4 Exploring core values in family medicine in the
Asia Pacific Region 37
Sairat Noknoy, Leilanie Nicodemus, Harry H.X. Wang,
Machiko Inoue, and Johanna Lynch
5 Exploring core values in family medicine in the
East Mediterranean 61
Mona Osman, Faisal A. AlNaser, Nagwa Nashat Hegazy,
and Wadeia Sharief
Contents
vi CONTENTS
6 General practice family medicine core values
in the European region 75
Katharina Schmalstieg-Bahr, Helen Alter, Nina Monteiro,
Nena Kopcavar Gucek, and Dorien Zwart
7 Exploring core values in family community
medicine in Latin America 85
Jacqueline Ponzo, Otto Hamann Echeverri,
Mónica Álvarez Jaramillo, María Belén Giménez,
and Fabiano Gonçalves Guimarães
8 Exploring core values in family medicine in
North America 101
David Ponka, Rodney Destine, Paula Henry, and Kim Yu
9 Exploring core values in family medicine in
South Asia 119
Sankha Randenikumara, Raman Kumar,
Pramendra Prasad Gupta, and Zainab Mohammad Anjarwala
10 Review of the core values in our regions 135
Anna Stavdal, Johann Agust Sigurdsson,
and Felicity Goodyear-Smith
11 Core values to inspire global change 141
Anna Stavdal, Johann Agust Sigurdsson,
and Felicity Goodyear-Smith
Appendix: WONCA member organizations
by region 149
Index 161
vii
Core Values in Family Medicine: Inspiring Global Change presents an out-
come from the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) Global
Core Values project. e project, launched in March 2023, has invited family
doctors from around the world to reect on their professional values, ‘namely
the values that mean most to them as a healthcare professional – both person-
ally, within their specic context, and globally, within our shared profession’.
Professional values serve to guide a discipline’s members as a group, so this
work is much needed by the discipline of family medicine.
Editors Anna Stavdal (Norway), Johann Agust Sigurdsson (Iceland), and
Felicity Goodyear-Smith (New Zealand) have brought together a diverse range
of 31 authors from all regions of the world to contribute their knowledge. In
the book, each regional group describes their own unique approach to the task.
e dierences in peoples, their cultures, and values across the world are
reected in the core values and principles in family medicine, as described in
the various regional chapters. is diversity fosters a broader understanding
and appreciation of various approaches to family medicine.
e editors conclude, ‘We can be enriched rather than hampered by our
dierences. Within this heterogeneity, we need a common identity for the
recognition of our specialty and for advocacy, a common language of our
humanity enabling us to connect with our colleagues across the world’.
Dr Monty Kent-Hughes, WONCA’s rst president from 1972, said that
‘the future of our professional discipline will depend on our ability to work
together in the service of humanity.’
e establishment of our shared identity though the Global Core Values
project will contribute greatly to our ability to work together and achieve a
high impact on global health. Irecommend this book to all family doctor
colleagues wanting to understand the professional values of our discipline in
their own country and region, as well as to better understand colleagues from
other parts of the world.
Associate Professor Karen M. Flegg
Australian National University
Rural Clinical School
World Organization of Family Doctors
(WONCA) World President
Endorsement by the
WONCA President
ix
e concept of the family physician emerged in the mid-20th century as a
response to the increasing specialization within medicine, which had led to a
decline in the number of general practitioners and a fragmentation of patient
care. is shi prompted concerns about the erosion of the patient–doctor
relationship and the need for comprehensive, continuous care.
e idea of a family doctor has steadily evolved, gaining recognition and
clarity. is progression has rened not only the global understanding of the
vital role family doctors play in healthcare systems but also the core qualities
and competencies that dene the profession. Family physicians have come to
be recognized as essential providers of comprehensive, patient-centred care,
bridging gaps between dierent medical disciplines and ensuring continuity
of care across all stages of life.
e World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) has been the global
engine powering the genesis of the ne-tuned specialty. We must, however,
admit that the growth of the specialty has not been at the same pace across
all regions of the world. Sections of Europe, Australia, and the Americas have
had a more rapid evolution compared with Asia and Africa.
Discussions and collaborative planning eorts focused on vision, mis-
sions, core values, and the denition of family medicine in contemporary
contexts have taken place across various countries and regions over the past
few decades. Ihave always been deeply passionate about core values of family
physicians and have personally authored a published paper on the subject.
e Global Core Values project delves into the fundamental principles that
dene primary care and family medicine. It examines a wide range of inter-
connected concepts, acknowledging that interpretations and denitions may
vary across dierent contexts and healthcare systems.
By identifying and analyzing these core principles, the Global Core Values
project helps healthcare professionals, policymakers, and educators align
their practices with universally recognized ideals, fostering consistency in
care delivery. Additionally, recognizing variations in interpretation allows
for adaptability across diverse healthcare settings, ensuring that these val-
ues remain relevant and applicable in dierent cultural, social, and systemic
contexts.
is collaborative project acknowledges the invaluable contributions of
leading experts in family medicine, whose dedication and expertise have
played a pivotal role in shaping the development of a groundbreaking new
Foreword
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