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PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
AND HERBAL DRUGS
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PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS
AND HERBAL DRUGS
Prospects and Safety Issues
in the Delivery of Natural Products
Edited by
MANJU RAWAT SINGH
Assistant Professor (Senior), University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
DEEPENDRA SINGH
Assistant Professor (Senior), University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-99125-4
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at
https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Stacy Masucci
Acquisitions Editor: Andre G. Wolff
Editorial Project Manager: Kristi L. Anderson
Production Project Manager: Omer Mukthar
Cover Designer: Matthew Limbert
Typeset by TNQ Technologies
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Dedication
We dedicate our book to our
beloved Father Lt. Sh. R. A. Singh,
who showed us the right direction and
believed in us
Dr. Deependra Singh
Dr. Manju Rawat Singh
v
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Contents
Contributors xi
About the editors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Section I
Prospects of plant-based
therapeutics
1. Plant-based therapeutics: current status
and future perspectives
Shikha Jha, Klaudi K. Vaiphei and Amit Alexander
1. Introduction 3
2. Phytopharmaceuticals: revival of traditional
medicine in a modern way 4
3. Research in natural products 4
4. The market trend regarding natural
product 5
5. Future perspectives 6
6. Conclusion 10
Acknowledgments 10
References 10
2. Worldwide health scenario from
the perspective of herbal medicine
research
Anita Bhoi, Shradha Devi Dwivedi, Deependra Singh, Manju
Rawat Singh and S. Keshavkant
1. Introduction 13
2. Herbal drugs 14
3. Application of phytomedicine 18
4. Research efforts on herbal medicine 25
5. Safety and efficacy of herbal drugs 26
6. Conclusion and future prospects 26
Acknowledgments 27
References 27
Section II
Challenges and delivery aspects of
phytomedicines and bioactives
3. Challenges in delivery of plant actives
Mariana Neves Amaral, Jacinta O. Pinho, M. Manuela Gaspar and
Catarina Pinto Reis
1. Natural compounds with therapeutic
potential 35
2. Plant bioactives market and conventional
pharmaceutical formulations 40
3. Limitations of plant bioactives 43
4. Innovative pharmaceutical formulations of plant
bioactives 44
5. Nanotechnology as key strategy to deliver
bioactives 44
6. Screening models for formulation
development 60
7. Regulatory framework of isolated compounds from
plants, extracts, or plant-derived products 65
8. Conclusions and future perspectives 67
References 68
4. Lipid-based particulate systems for
delivery of plant actives and extracts:
Extraction, prospective carriers, and
safety issues
Manju Rawat Singh, Kusum Pradhan, Madhulika Pradhan, Krishna
Yadav, Nagendra Singh Chauhan, Shradha Devi Dwivedi and
Deependra Singh
1. Introduction 83
2. Issues related to the extraction of herbs and their
safety 91
3. Lipid-based systems 95
4. Lipid-based system as carriers for plant actives and
extracts 99
5. Conclusion 106
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Acknowledgment 107
References 107
Further reading 114
5. Phyto-complexed systems as a versatile
tool for the delivery of plant-based drugs
Madhuri Baghel, Pooja Yadav, Hemant Badwaik, Kartik Nakhate
and Ajazuddin
List of abbreviations 115
1. Introduction 116
2. Complexation 116
3. Methods for the preparation of
phyto-complexes 123
4. Characterization of complexes 126
5. Applications 128
6. Conclusion 130
References 130
6. Impact of nanotechnology on herbal
bioactives: an overview
Atul Jain, Jagpreet Kaur, Kamal Shah, Nagendra Singh Chauhan,
M. Arockia Babu and Teenu Sharma
1. Introduction 139
2. Bioactivities of polyphenols 140
3. Hiccups for the efficient delivery of
phytoconstituents/bioactives 142
4. Nanotechnology: Importance and
application 144
5. Nanophytomedicines: Nanostructured drug
delivery systems for bioactive 145
6. Understanding herbal nanoparticles 152
7. Conclusions 152
References 152
7. Application of nanomedicine for
efficient delivery of herbal bioactives
Mabel Moreno, Simón Guerrero, Paula Solar, Carolina Klagges,
Sindy Devis, Carolina Otero, Hugo Sanchez-Ruderisch and
Luis Velásquez
1. Introduction 159
2. Herbal bioactive compounds 162
3. Nanocarriers for control drug delivery 167
4. Conclusion and future prospects 185
Acknowledgements 187
References 187
8. Nanophytomedicine: nanotechnology
for herbal product development and
value addition
Akhilesh Tiwari, Megha Joshi, Rameshroo Kenwat, Shivani Rai
Paliwal, Kunjbihari Sulakhiya and Rishi Paliwal
1. Introduction 197
2. Phytomedicines 198
3. Nanotechnology-based herbal product
development and value addition 198
4. Nanophytomedicines 203
5. Conclusion 208
References 209
Section III
Safety consid erations, regulatory, and
commercial aspects
9. Phytopharmaceuticals and herbal drugs:
prospects and safety issues in the delivery
of natural products
Gaurav Gopal Naik, Alakh N. Sahu, Vichitra Kaushik, Atul
Kaushik and Biresh Kumar Sarkar
1. Introduction 215
2. Safety issues 217
3. Role of novel delivery systems in overcoming
some of these challenges 234
4. Storage and stability issues 235
5. Regulatory aspects 241
6. Concluding remarks and future
prospects 245
References 246
10. Herbal drug interaction and effects on
phytopharmaceuticals
Bina Gidwani, Sakshi Tiwari, Vishal Jain, Veenu Joshi, Ravindra
Pandey, Shiv Shankar Shukla, Kapil Agrawal, Nagendra Singh
Chauhan and Amber Vyas
1. Introduction 249
2. Types of herb-drug interactions 250
3. Pharmacokinetic of herb-drug
interaction 252
4. Pharmacodynamic of herb-drug
interaction 253
CONTENTSviii
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5. Reasons and need of herb-drug
interaction 253
6. How herbs interact with coadministered
allopathic drugs 256
7. Enzymes responsible for herb-drug
interaction 257
8. Mechanism of herb-drug interaction 257
9. Examples of herb-drug interaction 259
10. Conclusion 259
Acknowledgment 261
References 261
11. Clinical, ethical, and regulatory issues
of botanicals
Niraj Parihar, Kalyani Barve and Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
1. Introduction 265
2. Need for regulation of botanicals 267
3. Clinical issues of botanicals 267
4. Ethical issues of botanicals 270
5. Regulatory issues of botanicals 272
6. Conclusion and future perspectives 277
References 277
12. Commercial aspect and
market potential of phytoactive
products
Raman Manoharlal, G.V.S. Saiprasad, Shradha Devi Dwivedi,
Manju Rawat Singh and Deependra Singh
1. Introduction 281
2. Health benefits of phytochemicals 282
3. Phytochemicals from plant to market 283
4. Classification of phytochemicals 285
5. Phenolic compounds 285
6. Carotenoids 285
7. Alkaloids 286
8. Nitrogen-containing compounds 286
9. Organosulfur compounds 286
10. Contemporary scenario and market demand of
phytochemicals 287
11. Market potential of phytochemicals and
phytoconstituents 287
12. Worldwide demands of
phytochemicals 288
13. Segments of phytochemical global
market 288
14. Other sector 289
15. International key players 289
16. Kemin industries Inc. 290
17. Naturex 290
18. Badische Anilin-und SodaFabrik 293
19. Organic herb Inc. 294
20. Chengdu biopurify phytochemicals
Ltd. 294
21. Nektium 294
22. Demand in Indian market 294
23. Sydler 295
24. Alkaloids corporation 295
25. Kothari phytochemicals international 298
26. Conclusion 299
References 299
Section IV
Application aspects of
phytopharmaceuticals
13. Interactions between
radiopharmaceutical products and herbal
medicines
Ezgi Kayan Eluz and Asuman Yekta Özer
List of symbols and abbreviations 305
1. Introduction 305
2. Radiopharmaceuticals 306
3. Discussion and conclusion 319
References 320
14. Use of microfluidic organ-on-a-chip
systems for the screening and development
of phytopharmaceuticals and herbal drugs
Fahimeh Shahabipour, Abdullah Aldhaher, Andrea I. Doseff, Seyed
Ehsan Alavian, Ahmed A.M. Elnour and Nureddin
Ashammakhi
1. Introduction 323
2. Phytochemicals and herbal
phytopharmaceuticals 325
3. Organ-on-a-chip systems 326
4. Herbochip 332
5. Current challenges and future
directions 335
6. Conclusion 336
Acknowledgments 336
References 336
CONTENTS ix
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