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Sustainable Approaches in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Sustainable Approaches in Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Edited by
Kamal Shah
Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University,
Mathura, India
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan
Assistant Professor
Columbia College of Pharmacy, Raipur, India
Nagendra Singh Chauhan
Senior Scientific Officer Grade-2
Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam Anusandhan Kendra,
Government Ayurvedic College Campus, Raipur, India
This edition first published 2024
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Kamal Shah, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan and Nagendra Singh Chauhan to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Hardback ISBN: 9781119889847; ePub ISBN: 9781119889861; ePDF ISBN: 9781119889854;
oBook ISBN: 9781119889878
Cover Image: © Marchu Studio/Shutterstock
Cover Design: Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
v
Contents
List of Contributors vi
Preface
x
1
Green and Sustainable Approaches in Pharmaceutical Sciences 1
Shiv Bahadur, Radhika, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nagendra Singh Chauhan and
Kamal Shah
2
Green Approaches in Conventional Drug Synthesis 17
Hassan Rafique, Nazim Hussain, Muhammad Usama Saeed and Muhammad Bilal
3 Modern Green Extraction Techniques 35
Marcello Locatelli, Enrica Rosato, Cristian D’Ovidio, Martina Bonelli, Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy,
Abuzar Kabir, Imran Ali, Fabio Savini, Ugo de Grazia, Victoria Samanidou and Angela
Tartaglia
4 Impact of Green Approaches in Pharmaceutical Industries 65
Taruna Grover, Rishita J. Chauhan, Anuradha K. Gajjar, Tejas M. Dhameliya and
Maulikkumar D. Vaja
5
Green Analytical Techniques Using Hydrotropy, Mixed Hydrotropy, and Mixed
Solvency
91
Atish S. Mundada, Deepak D. Patil and Rajesh K. Maheshwari
6 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Design and Development 113
Somdutt Mujwar and Kamal Shah
7
Green Chemistry in the Development of Functionalised Hydrogels as Topical
Drug-Delivery Systems 121
Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi and Teow Yeit Haan
8 Advanced Approaches in Green Univariate Spectrophotometric Methods 157
Hayam M. Lotfy, Sarah S. Saleh, Yasmin Rostom, Reem H. Obaydo and Dina A. Ahmed
9
Cyclodextrin-Based Molecular Inclusion by Grinding: Quality by Design in Green
Chemistry 217
Sanyam Sharma, Subh Naman and Ashish Baldi
10 Synthesis of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots from Bulk Graphitic Carbon
Nitride 237
Joseph Selvin, Jegam Noel Joseph and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan
11 Mechanochemistry for Sustainable Drug Design and Active Pharmaceutical
Ingredient Synthesis 255
Pedro Brandão and Marta Pineiro
Index 273
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vi
List of Contributors
Dina A. Ahmed
Analytical Chemistry Department
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Imran Ali
Department of Chemistry
Jamia Millia Islamia
Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi
Faculty of Chemical Engineering &
Technology and Centre of Excellence for
Biomass Utilization (CoEBU)
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
Ashish Baldi
Pharma Innovation Lab, Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical
University
Bathinda, Punjab, India
Shiv Bahadur
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research
GLA University
Mathura, UP, India
Muhammad Bilal
School of Life Science and Food
Engineering
Huaiyin Institute of Technology
Huaian, China
Martina Bonelli
Department of Medicine and Aging
Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine
University of Chieti–Pescara ‘G. d’Annunzio’
Chieti, Italy
Pedro Brandão
Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary
Research (CiiEM) and Egas Moniz School
of Health & Science
Caparica, Portugal
Rishita J. Chauhan
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Quality Assurance
L. M. College of Pharmacy
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Durgesh Nandini Chauhan
Columbia College of Pharmacy
Raipur, India
Nagendra Singh Chauhan
Drugs Testing Laboratory Avam
Anusandhana Kendra
Raipur, CG, India
Ugo de Grazia
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico
Carlo Besta
Laboratory of Neurological Biochemistry
and Neuropharmacology
Milan, Italy
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List of Contributors vii
Cristian D’Ovidio
Department of Medicine and Aging
Sciences, Section of Legal Medicine
University of Chieti–Pescara ‘G. d’Annunzio’
Chieti, Italy
Tejas M. Dhameliya
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Quality Assurance
L. M. College of Pharmacy
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Anuradha K. Gajjar
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
and Quality Assurance
L. M. College of Pharmacy
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Taruna Grover
Department of Chemistry
Lovely Professional University
Jalandhar-Delhi, Punjab, India
Aarti Industries Research and Technology
Center
Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Nazim Hussain
Centre for Applied Molecular Biology
(CAMB)
University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
Jegam Noel Joseph
Chemistry of Heterocycles and Natural
Product Research Laboratory
Department of Chemistry, School of
Advanced Sciences
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abuzar Kabir
International Forensic Research Institute,
Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry
Florida International University
Miami, FL, USA
Marcello Locatelli
Department of Pharmacy
University of Chieti–Pescara ‘G. d’Annunzio’
Chieti, Italy
Hayam M. Lotfy
Analytical Chemistry Department
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Rajesh K. Maheshwari
Department of Pharmacy
SGSITS
Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Somdutt Mujwar
Chitkara College of Pharmacy
Chitkara University
Rajpura, Punjab, India
Atish S. Mundada
SNJBs SSDJ College of Pharmacy
Neminagar, Chandwad
Nashik, Maharashtra, India
Subh Naman
Pharma Innovation Lab, Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical
University
Bathinda, Punjab, India
Reem H. Obaydo
Analytical Chemistry Department
Faculty of Pharmacy
Ebla Private University (EPU)
Aleppo, Syria
Deepak D. Patil
K.K. Wagh College of Pharmacy
Nashik, Maharashtra, India
Marta Pineiro
Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC)–
Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS)
Department of Chemistry
University of Coimbra
Coimbra, Portugal
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List of Contributors viii
Radhika
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research
GLA University
Mathura, UP, India
Hassan Rafique
Centre for Applied Molecular Biology
(CAMB)
University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
Selvaraj Mohana Roopan
Chemistry of Heterocycles and Natural
Product Research Laboratory
Department of Chemistry, School of
Advanced Sciences
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Enrica Rosato
Department of Pharmacy
University of Chieti–Pescara ‘G. d’Annunzio’
Chieti, Italy
Yasmin Rostom
Analytical Chemistry Department
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Muhammad Usama Saeed
Centre for Applied Molecular Biology
(CAMB)
University of the Punjab
Lahore, Pakistan
Sarah S. Saleh
Analytical Chemistry Department
Faculty of Pharmacy
October University for Modern Sciences
and Arts (MSA)
Giza, Egypt
Victoria Samanidou
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki, Greece
Fabio Savini
Pharmatoxicology Laboratory
Hospital ‘Santo Spirito’
Pescara, Italy
Joseph Selvin
Chemistry of Heterocycles and Natural
Product Research Laboratory
Department of Chemistry, School of
Advanced Sciences
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Kamal Shah
Institute of Pharmaceutical Research
GLA University
Mathura, UP, India
Sanyam Sharma
Pharma Innovation Lab, Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical
University
Bathinda, Punjab, India
Angela Tartaglia
Department of Pharmacy
University of Chieti–Pescara ‘G. d’Annunzio’
Chieti, Italy
Teow Yeit Haan
Department of Chemical and Process
Engineering and Research Centre for
Sustainable Process Technology
(CESPRO)
Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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List of Contributors ix
Halil Ibrahim Ulusoy
Department of Analytical Chemistry
Faculty of Pharmacy
Cumhuriyet University
Sivas, Turkey
Maulikkumar D. Vaja
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Saraswati Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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x
Preface
This book is aimed at an audience of advanced-level students, experts, and scientists work-
ing in the design, synthesis, analysis, and isolation of pharmaceuticals using green
approaches. The field of pharmaceutical sciences will always remain in demand. As was
seen in the COVID-19 pandemic, medicine plays a vital role in society. The demand for it
cannot be overlooked. This book consists of all the possible facets or resources that may
minimise the adverse effects associated with synthesis, isolation, or extraction, so that
these possible approaches will save human and environmental health. Readers from differ-
ent fields (students, researchers, industrialists, scientists) will get all the best green
approaches associated with the development, design, or origination of pharmaceuticals.
The book has 11 chapters authored by scientists around the globe. Chapter 1 focuses on
green technologies, the benefits associated with them, white biotechnology, and green
chemistry. The impact of green approaches in the pharmaceutical industry is considered
regarding the use of greener solvents, nanoparticle formulation, antimicrobial bandages,
and green synthesis of drugs. This chapter will be useful for researchers, scientists, or
industrialists who are working in the areas of green technologies or green chemistry.
Chapter 2 discusses green approaches to designing active pharmaceutical ingredients.
This chapter narrates various ways like microwave irradiation technology, ultrasound-
mediated synthesis, molecular sieving, and grinding and milling techniques. These meth-
ods are considered sustainable technologies and have become part of a valuable green
protocol to produce pharmaceutically active drugs.
Chapter 3 covers the topic of microextractive methods capable of generating high recov-
ery values for the analytes even from very complex matrices. The chapter includes tech-
niques such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, microextraction by packed
sorbent, liquid–liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, solid-phase extraction, and
fabric-phase sportive extraction. These techniques have been widely applied in many fields
including bioanalysis, ecology, food, natural compounds, forensic science, and toxicology.
This chapter examines recent applications of these novel procedures, highlighting the
main benefits and outcomes that have been reported in the literature. Special attention is
given to green approaches and the development of innovative procedures that have been
optimised in agreement with green analytical chemistry principles.
Chapter 4 considers the impact of green sustainable approaches in the pharmaceutical
industry. This chapter adopts the concept of minimising the utilisation of hazardous
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