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15. New and revisited approaches on the
transdermal delivery of polyphenols-loaded
nanoparticles for melanoma prevention and
treatment
Jorge F. Pontes, Magda Fonseca, Ana S. Macedo, Ana Grenha and
Pedro Fonte
List of abbreviations and acronyms 341
1. Introduction 342
2. Skin: anatomy and physiology 343
3. Melanoma: pathophysiology and therapeutic
approaches 344
4. Conclusion and future perspectives 362
Acknowledgments 362
References 362
16. Novel drug delivery approaches for
improving therapeutic applications of
berberine and berberine-rich herbal
preparations
Deependra Singh, Krishna Yadav, Manju Rawat Singh, Narayan D.
Chaurasiya and Babu L. Tekwani
1. Introduction 375
2. Characteristics of BER 380
3. Delivery approaches 383
4. Conclusion 392
Acknowledgment 392
References 393
17. Impact of phytomedicines and their
novel delivery systems as an alternative for
the treatment of neurodegenerative
disorders
Kartik Nakhate, Shubhada Mangrulkar, Hemant Badwaik, Rajesh
Choudhary, Madhuri Baghel, Sameer Goyal and Ajazuddin
1. Introduction 403
2. Phytomedicines for neurodegenerative disorders
(NDs): A neuropharmacological
perspective 405
3. Delivery system for phytoconstituents to
the CNS 411
4. Nanocarriers-based delivery of phytoconstituents
for NDs 413
5. Conclusion 421
References 421
18. Role of phytopharmaceuticals in
inflammatory disorders
US Mahadeva Rao, Jamal Basa Dudekula, Shvetank Bhatt, M.
Sathish Kumar, Kamal Shah, Nagendra Singh Chauhan and
Satish Shilpi
1. Introduction 433
2. Antiinflammatory phytochemicals 434
3. Phytopharmaceuticals regulate inflammatory
markers and thus boost immunity to alleviate
COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) 436
4. Resveratrol 436
5. Curcumin 437
6. Quercetin 438
7. Genistein 438
8. Butyrate 439
9. Licorice 440
10. Proanthocyanidins (PAC) 440
11. Bromelain 441
12. Naringenin 442
13. Naringin 443
14. Chrysin 444
15. Mangiferin 446
16. Conclusion 447
References 447
Further reading 451
Index 453
CONTENTSx
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Contributors
Kapil Agrawal R C Patel College of Pharmacy,
Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
Ajazuddin Rungta College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh,
India
Seyed Ehsan Alavian Middle East Liver Dis-
eases (MELD) Virology Laboratory, MELD
Center, Tehran, Iran
Abdullah Aldhaher Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry, Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran
Amit Alexander Department of Pharmaceutics,
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Guwahati, Changsari, Assam,
India
Mariana Neves Amaral Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Phar-
macy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portu-
gal; Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia
Biomédica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Uni-
versidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon,
Portugal
Nureddin Ashammakhi Department of Bio-
medical Engineering, College of Engineering,
College of Human Medicine and Institute for
Quantitative Health Science and Engineering,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,
United States
M. Arockia Babu School of Pharmacy, Sharda
University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Hemant Badwaik Shri Shankaracharya Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhi-
lai, Chhattisgarh, India
Madhuri Baghel Shri Shankaracharya Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhi-
lai, Chhattisgarh, India
Kalyani Barve Department of Pharmacology,
SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Man-
agement, NMIMS University, Vile Parle (West),
Mumbai, India
Lokesh Kumar Bhatt Department of Pharma-
cology, SVKM’sDr. Bhanuben Nanavati College
of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
Shvetank Bhatt Department of Pharmacology,
School of Pharmacy, MIT World Peace Uni-
versity, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Anita Bhoi School of Studies in Biotechnology,
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Nagendra Singh Chauhan Drugs Testing Lab-
oratory, Avam Anusandhan Kendra (State
Government Lab of AYUSH), Raipur, Chhat-
tisgarh, India
Narayan D. Chaurasiya Departmentof Infectious
Diseases, Division of DrugDiscovery,Southern
Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
Rajesh Choudhary Shri Shankaracharya Col-
lege of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai, Chhat-
tisgarh, India
Sindy Devis Universidad SEK, Instituto de
Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Bio-
médicas SEK (ICBSEK), Facultad Ciencias de la
Salud, Santiago, Chile
Andrea I. Doseff Department of Physiology
and Department of Pharmacology and Tox-
icology, Michigan State University, East Lans-
ing, MI, United States
Jamal Basa Dudekula Amity Institute of Phar-
macy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh,
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Shradha Devi Dwivedi University Institute of
Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Ahmed A.M. Elnour Faculty of Chemical and
Process Engineering Technology, University of
Malaysia Pahang-UMP, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia;
International Institute for Halal Research and
Training, International Islamic University Malay-
sia (IIUM), Gombak. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ezgi Kayan Eluz Turkish Medicines and Devi-
ces Agency, Ankara, Turkey
Magda Fonseca Faculty of Medicine, University
of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro,
Porto, Portugal
Pedro Fonte Center for Marine Sciences
(CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas
Campus Faro, Portugal; iBBdInstitute for Bio-
engineering and Biosciences, Department of
Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;
Associate Laboratory i4HBdInstitute for
Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior
Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Por-
tugal; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy,
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University
of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, Faro, Portugal
M. Manuela Gaspar Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Phar-
macy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Bina Gidwani Columbia Institute of Pharmacy,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Sameer Goyal Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Man-
dal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Mahara-
shtra, India
Ana Grenha Center for Marine Sciences
(CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas
Campus Faro, Portugal; Department of Chem-
istry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and
Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas
Campus, Faro, Portugal; Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Phar-
macy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa,
Portugal
Simón Guerrero Universidad SEK, Instituto de
Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Bio-
médicas SEK (ICBSEK), Facultad Ciencias de la
Salud, Santiago, Chile; Universidad de Ata-
cama, Facultad de Medicina, Copiapó, Chile
Atul Jain Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi
Pharmaceutial Sciences and Research Uni-
versity (DPSRU), New Delhi, India
Vishal Jain University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt.
Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Shikha Jha Department of Pharmaceutics,
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Guwahati, Changsari, Assam,
India
Megha Joshi Institute of Pharmacy, Vikram
University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India
Veenu Joshi Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Rav-
ishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattis-
garh, India
Jagpreet Kaur Chandigarh College of Phar-
macy, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali,
Punjab, India
Vichitra Kaushik Shanti Niketan College of
Pharmacy, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
Atul Kaushik Asmara College of Health Scien-
ces, Asmara, Eritrea
Rameshroo Kenwat Nanomedicine and Bio-
engineering Research Laboratory, Department
of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal
University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, Madhya Pra-
desh, India
S. Keshavkant School of Studies in Bio-
technology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Carolina Klagges Universidad SEK, Instituto de
Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Bio-
médicas SEK (ICBSEK), Facultad Ciencias de la
Salud, Santiago, Chile
M. Sathish Kumar Amity Institute of Phar-
macy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh,
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
CONTRIBUTORSxii
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Ana S. Macedo LAQV, REQUIMTE, Depart-
ment of Chemical Sciences-Applied Chemistry
Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade do
Porto, Porto, Portugal; iBBdInstitute for Bio-
engineering and Biosciences, Department of
Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal;
Associate Laboratory i4HBdInstitute for Health
and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Shubhada Mangrulkar Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar
College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur,
Maharashtra, India
Raman Manoharlal ITC Life Sciences and
Technology Centre (LSTC), Bengaluru, Karna-
taka, India
Mabel Moreno Universidad SEK, Instituto de
Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Bio-
médicas SEK (ICBSEK), Facultad Ciencias de la
Salud, Santiago, Chile
Gaurav Gopal Naik Department of Pharma-
ceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU),
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Kartik Nakhate Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Man-
dal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Mahara-
shtra, India
Carolina Otero Escuela de Química y Farmacia,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres
Bello, Santiago, Chile
Asuman Yekta Özer Hacettepe University,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Radio-
pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
Shivani Rai Paliwal Department of Pharmacy,
Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidhyalaya (A Central
University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
Rishi Paliwal Nanomedicine and Bioengineer-
ing Research Laboratory, Department of Phar-
macy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal
University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, Madhya Pra-
desh, India
Ravindra Pandey Columbia Institute of Phar-
macy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Niraj Parihar Department of Pharmacology,
SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of
Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, India
Jacinta O. Pinho Research Institute for Medi-
cines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy,
Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Jorge F. Pontes Center for Marine Sciences
(CCMAR), University of Algarve, Gambelas
Campus Faro, Portugal
Kusum Pradhan University Institute of Phar-
macy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Rai-
pur, Chhattisgarh, India
Madhulika Pradhan Rungta College of Phar-
maceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai,
Chhattisgarh, India
US Mahadeva Rao School of Basic Medical
Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan
Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Catarina Pinto Reis Research Institute for
Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Phar-
macy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portu-
gal; Instituto de Biofísica e Engenharia
Biomédica (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Uni-
versidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisbon,
Portugal
Alakh N. Sahu Department of Pharmaceutical
Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Vara-
nasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
G.V.S. Saiprasad ITC Life Sciences and Tech-
nology Centre (LSTC), Bengaluru, Karnataka,
India
Hugo Sanchez-Ruderisch Charité-Universität-
smedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Biresh Kumar Sarkar Central Ayurveda
Research Institute, CCRAS, Ministry of Ayush,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Kamal Shah Institute of Pharmaceutical
Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Fahimeh Shahabipour
Skin Research Center,
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science,
Tehran, Iran; Orthopedic Research Center,
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,
Mashhad, Iran
Teenu Sharma Chitkara College of Pharmacy,
Chitkara University, Punjab, India
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
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Satish Shilpi Department of Pharmaceutics,
Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehra-
dun, Uttarakhand, India; Amity Institute of
Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh,
Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
Shiv Shankar Shukla Columbia Institute of
Pharmacy, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Deependra Singh University Institute of Phar-
macy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Rai-
pur, Chhattisgarh, India; NCNPR, School of
Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Olemiss,
Oxford, MS, United States
Manju Rawat Singh University Institute of
Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Paula Solar Universidad SEK, Instituto de
Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Bio-
médicas SEK (ICBSEK), Facultad Ciencias de la
Salud, Santiago, Chile
Kunjbihari Sulakhiya Department of Phar-
macy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal Uni-
versity, Lalpur, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh,
India
Babu L. Tekwani Department of Infectious
Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern
Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
Akhilesh Tiwari Department of Pharmacy,
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lal-
pur, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India
Sakshi Tiwari University Institute of Pharmacy,
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Klaudi K. Vaiphei Department of Pharmaceu-
tics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Edu-
cation and Research, Guwahati, Changsari,
Assam, India
Luis Velásquez Universidad SEK, Instituto de
Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Bio-
médicas SEK (ICBSEK), Facultad Ciencias de la
Salud, Santiago, Chile
Amber Vyas University Institute of Pharmacy,
Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur,
Chhattisgarh, India
Krishna Yadav University Institute of Phar-
macy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Rai-
pur, Chhattisgarh, India; Raipur Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rai-
pur, Chhattisgarh, India
Pooja Yadav Rungta College of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh,
India
CONTRIBUTORSxiv
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About the editors
Dr. Manju Rawat Singh
University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, India
Dr. Manju Singh currently works at the University Insti-
tute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
(C.G.). She has around 19 years of teaching and research
experience. In 2021 and 2022 she received the highest acclaim
of featuring among the top 2% of scientists across the world
in the field of Pharmacy and Pharmacology in a survey
conducted by Stanford University, United States. She is
engaged in research projects focused on studying patho-
physiology and devising new treatments mainly for auto-
immune disorders and inflammatory diseases, exploring
targeted delivery strategies for bioactives and experimental
design using advanced statistical and mathematical
modeling methods.
She has had more than 100 research and review papers
published in national and international journals. She has
written 20 book chapters and one book with Elsevier. She has more than 4700 citations with
an h-index of 29 and i10 index of 59 (Google scholar) and Scopus h-index of 24. She has had
two international and two Indian patents granted. She has successfully completed several
projects funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), University Grants
Commission (UGC), C.G. State Council of Science and Technology (CGCOST), and the
Department of Science and Technology (DST). She is a recipient of the DHR-ICMR interna-
tional fellowship 2014e15 and a number of awards at the national and state levels for
excellence in research, including Young Scientist Award of the state of Chhattisgarh 2006 in
biotechnology. She was bestowed with a Best Teacher Award (Assistant Professor) at Pt.
Ravishankar Shukla University in the Science Section in 2016. She is a life member of various
professional bodies such as the Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA), Association of
Pharmacy Teachers of India (APTI), and Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association (IPGA),
and serves as President of the IPGA CG branch, and Joint Secretary of the Indian Pharma-
ceutical Association (IPA) CG branch. She has been visiting scientist at the School of
Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Mississippi, Oxford, United States
since 2015.
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Dr. Deependra Singh
University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, India
Dr. Deependra Singh currently works at the University
Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University,
Raipur (C.G.) India. He is a member of the Pharmacy Council
of India. Presently, he is Chairman of the Education Regula-
tion Committee, Pharmacy Council of India. He is among the
top 2% of scientists across the world in the field of Pharmacy
and Pharmacology as revealed in a survey conducted by
Stanford University, United States, consecutively for 2021 and
2022. He has around 20 years of teaching and research expe-
rience. His prime research areas include the formulation of
multiple bioactive delivery systems for wound management,
advanced statistical and mathematical modeling methods,
tissue culture techniques, nutraceuticals, and designing novel
systems for plant actives and extracts. He has published more
than 100 research and review papers in reputable, highly cited journals, 16 book chapters,
and one book with Elsevier. He has successfully completed projects funded by UGC, AICTE,
DST and several industrial projects. He has more than 5129 citations with an h-index of 30
and i10 index of 103 (Google scholar) and a Scopus h-index 24. He has had two international
and two Indian patents granted. He is a recipient of the prestigious Department of Health
Research-ICMR Young Indian Biomedical Scientist Award 2019, UGC RAMAN International
Award 2014, and UGC Research Award 2012 by the University Grants Commission, New
Delhi. He also has a number of prestigious awards at the state level for excellence in research,
including Young Scientist Award of the State of Chhattisgarh 2006 in Medical Sciences. He is
a state evaluator and trainee for the National Children Science Congress. He is a life member
of various professional bodies including the Indian Pharmaceutical Association (IPA), As-
sociation of Pharmacy Teachers of India (APTI), Indian Society of Pharmacognosy (ISP), and
also serves as Vice-President, Central Zone APTI and IPGA and Secretary of the IPA CG State
Branch. He is a visiting scientist at the National Centre for Natural Products Research, School
of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Mississippi, United States.
ABOUT THE EDITORSxvi
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Foreword
From times immemorial, herbal medicines
have been used to alleviate various diseases
of human and animals. Almost all civiliza-
tions of the world have the material medica
with phytomedicines as their integral and
important component. Modern scientific
research provides evidence that secondary
metabolites and their combinations are
bioactive substances that are responsible for
their medical benefits and have immense
pharmacological activities and therapeutic
potential. Delivery of herbal extracts and
bioactives in traditional medical systems is
quite bizarre and at times incomprehensible
to current science. The most challenging as-
pects of ethnomedicinal delivery systems are
pharmacokinetic (metabolic pathways,
disposition, elimination routes kinetics, etc.),
stability, toxicity profiles, and inadequate
in vivo results. Few literature reports claim
that there is no regulatory need for pharma-
cokinetic studies is misleading and unac-
ceptable. To develop phytomedicines in
therapeutically dependable formulations and
dosage regimen, in vitro and in vivo correla-
tions are highly desirable. Thus, it is essential
to elucidate the dose, adverse effects, biolog-
ical fate, site of action, etc. and explore the
clinical implications of bioactive constituents.
Utility of herbal medicinal produ cts as
antidiabetic, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-
hyperlipidemic, anticarcinogenic, antiin-
flammatory agents and variety of other
activities has been well recognized. Most of
the pharmacophoric entities of modern
medicines have their roots in natural
metabolomics. The poor absorption, hydro-
phobicity, instability, unspecific site of ac-
tion, etc. are some of the major hurdles to
develop formulations and delivery systems
on the lines of current pharmaceutical
scenario.
Development of novel drug delivery sys-
tems like ethosomes, liposomes, nano-
particles, phytosomes, microsomes, and
solid lipid nanoparticles has been explored
for effective delivery of photo-bioactives.
This book highlights the present scenario
related to the expansion of novel herbal for-
mulations utilizing nanotechnology and
compilation of delivery type and mecha-
nism, methodologies, loaded drug and its
size, and entrapment efficiency.
The editors of this book, Dr. Manju Rawat
Singh and Dr. Deependra Singh, critically
evaluated the manuscript scientifically in the
field of delivery of phytomedicines. This
book lays down on different challenges and
delivery aspects of phytomedicines and bio-
actives, different safety considerations,
regulation, and commercial aspects of phy-
topharmaceuticals. The readers will be
exposed to different prospects and safety is-
sues in delivery of natural products. I am
confident that this book will be useful to
pharmaceutical industry and academia,
professionals, research and development
scientists, as well as students.
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I would like to congratulate both Dr.
Manju Rawat Singh and Dr. Deependra
Singh for successfully bringing out this
meaningful and timely book on this impor-
tant topic of current interest. I am sure that
this book will be very well received by sci-
entific community.
Both the authors carry my best wishes in
all their scientific endeavors.
Prof. V.K. Dixit
Former Professor and Head
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Dr. Harisingh, Gour University, Sagar
(M.P.) India
FOREWORDxviii
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Preface
Plant-based medicines have been widely
used all over the world since ancient times,
and have been recognized by physicians and
patients for their excellent therapeutic value.
They have been the major source of thera-
peutic agents for mankind since time im-
memorial due to their accessibility, safety,
and economical aspects. Natural products,
including their derivatives and analogs,
represent over 50% of all drugs in clinical
use. Some of the best-selling drugs for the
treatment of terrible diseases such as cancers,
ulcers, and malaria are derived from either
natural products or their derivatives.
In recent years, the increasing attention
on herbals has focused on novel drug
development based on traditional leads.
Active ingredients originating from plant
resources generally exhibit compromised
desirable effects that are limited by issues
such as stability, solubility, molecular size,
bioavailability, and toxicity. Thus, there is a
need for research to develop more suitable
carriers which can target the drugs at their
site of action, thus reducing the toxicity of
drugs, enhancing their activity, and
improving the overall quality of the agents.
It is our endeavor to provide a compre-
hensive text on plant-derived medicines and
the development of their delivery systems,
including sections on their derivatives and
analogs that represent over 50% of all drugs
in clinical use. This book is divided into four
sections with each focusing on different
challenges in the delivery system of phyto-
pharmaceuticals and its application aspects.
The first section deals with the prospects of
plant-based therapeutics. In the second sec-
tion, we report the various challenges and
delivery aspects of bioactives and phytome-
dicines. This section comprises the different
challenges in delivering herbal components
including lipid-based particulate delivery
systems, the impact of nanotechnology on
phytochemicals, and its development and
implementations. The third section empha-
sizes safety considerations in formulating
phytopharmaceuticals, including regulation
and commercial aspects in regard to the
clinical and ethical issues of bioactive com-
ponents. In the final section, the various
application aspects of phytopharmaceuticals
have been elaborated, including interesting
radiopharmaceuticals and herbal medicines,
microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems for
screening and development of phyto-
pharmaceuticals and herbal drugs, etc.
The key feature of this book is to provide
perspectives from academic and industry
research, with information on the safety and
regulatory and clinical aspects related to
plant-based drugs and the development of
new targeted drug-delivery systems. We
hope that postgraduate students and re-
searchers of pharmacy and life sciences,
especially pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical
biotechnology, pharmaceutics, plant sci-
ences, botany, and biochemistry, will benefit
from our efforts.
We offer our sincere thanks to all the au-
thors who have contributed to this book.
Nothing is possible without the support of
our family, as this work encroached on their
(specifically our kids’) time, but they always
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