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Chapter 5
The magnocellular-dorsal (M-D) deficit
and associated theories
Chapter abstract
There are several visual pathways that convey different types of
information to the brain. We review evidence that in dyslexic
individuals there is a deficit in one of these pathways, the
magnocellular-dorsal (transient; M-D) pathway. A large body of
research supports an M-D deficit as a correlate of dyslexia, but the
evidence that the deficit plays a causal role in reading difficulty is less
compelling. The M-D hypothesis has been linked to impaired
visuospatial attention in reading difficulty, and to difficulties in
processing crowded contours. Preliminary evidence concerning the
treatment of these deficits with action video games is discussed.
The magnocellular-dorsal (M-D) deficit
Background
The human visual system processes the visual world via three main
parallel pathways. The two most prominent of these pathways are the
parvocellular-ventral (sustained) pathway and magnocellular-dorsal
(transient) pathway (Figure 5.1, Table 5.1). There is also a third pathway,
the koniocellular pathway, which has not been linked to reading
difficulties, but to visual snow.1
It is difficult to disentangle impairments in the underlying magno
cells of the dorsal pathway from the functioning of the pathway itself
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024
A. J. Wilkins and B. J. W. Evans, Vision, Reading Difficulties and Visual Stress,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65568-5_5
107
(Figure 5.1), and so magnocellular-dorsal (M-D) is used below to
describe this pathway. There is considerable evidence that many
people with dyslexia have a deficit of the M-D pathway,2 although the
evidence has been disputed,3 and others have argued for different
types of high-level visual deficits in dyslexia.
4 5
This evidence, and the
role that such a deficit may or may not play in reading difficulty, is
reviewed below.
Figure 5.1. The magnocellular-dorsal and parvocellular-ventral pathways.
During “bottom-up” visual processing when reading, signals from retinal
magnocells are projected to magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate
nucleus (LGN). From the LGN, signals are projected to V1 (visual cortex),
where the visual pathway diverges into the dorsal, “where”, and ventral,
“what”, streams. The dorsal pathway, dominated by magnocells, consists of
a hierarchy of cortical areas, namely, V2, V3, MT/V5 and the posterior
parietal cortex (PPC). In “top-down” visual attention during reading,
neuronal signals are sent from the PPC to MT/V5, V2, V1 and LGN. The PPC
and MT/V5 also project to the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), which plays a key
role in the control of eye-movements during reading. The ventral stream
Vision, Reading Difficulties and Visual Stress
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