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or neurological condition. (c) The symptoms are not better explained by another
sleep-related movement disorder, other sleep or mental disorder, or substance use
[1] (Table18.9).
Sleep-Related Movement Disorder DuetoaMedication
or Substance
The ICSD-3 intends this diagnosis for sleep-related movement disorder due to a
medication or substance that does not meet criteria for another specic movement
disorder. Since movement abnormalities during sleep or wake is a common and
often anticipated complication of multiple medications or substances, the clinician
must not resort to this diagnosis unless the sleep-related aspects of the abnormal
movements are the focus of independent clinical attention.
Diagnosis
According to ICSD-3, all the three following criteria must be met for diagnosis: (a)
The patient manifests sleep-related movements that disturb sleep or its onset. (b)
The movement disorder occurs as a consequence of a current medication or substance use or withdrawal from a wake-promoting medication or substance. (c) The
symptoms are not better explained by another sleep-related movement disorder
and other untreated sleep, medical, neurological, or mental disorder [1]
(Table18.10).
Table 18.9 Diagnostic criteria for sleep-related movement disorder due to a medical disorder
The patient manifests sleep-related movements that disturb sleep or its onset
The movement disorder occurs as a consequence of a signicant underlying medical or
neurological condition
The symptoms are not better explained by another sleep-related movement disorder, other sleep
or mental disorder, or substance use
Table 18.10 Diagnostic criteria for sleep-related movement disorder due to a medication or
substance
The patient manifests sleep-related movements that disturb sleep or its onset
The movement disorder occurs as a consequence of a current medication or substance use or
withdrawal from a wake-promoting medication or substance
The symptoms are not better explained by another sleep-related movement disorder and other
untreated sleep, medical, neurological, or mental disorder
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S. Zeineddine and N. S. Undevia
Conclusion
Sleep-related movement disorders include a varied group of diseases which are
quite prevalent and can cause signicant sleep disturbance and impairment in daytime functioning and compromise quality of life. These disorders are frequently
encountered yet may be confused or misdiagnosed by healthcare professionals.
Increasing awareness of these conditions is necessary to allow for prompt identication and management as this can signicantly improve quality of life.
Summary of Keypoints
• Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common sensorimotor disorder characterized by a distressing urge to move the legs and sometimes other parts of
the body such as the arms. RLS affects approximately 10% of US adults.
Difculty falling asleep may frequently be associated with moderate to
severe RLS.
• The diagnosis of RLS is based on clinical criteria and does not require a
polysomnogram unless an additional sleep disorder is suspected.
• The majority of cases of primary RLS are hereditary (autosomal dominant). Causes of secondary RLS include iron deciency, peripheral neuropathy, uremia associated with renal failure, and pregnancy. Common
medications which can precipitate RLS include tricyclic antidepressants,
SSRI, lithium, antihistamines, and dopamine antagonists. RLS affects
approximately 10% of US adults.
• RLS diagnostic criteria:
1. Uncomfortable sensation in the legs associated with an urge to move.
2. Symptoms are worse at rest.
3. Symptoms are temporarily relieved by movement.
4. Symptoms are worse or only occur at night.
• Medications that can worsen RLS should be discontinued, and secondary
causes should be evaluated and treated.
• Management strategy consists of discontinuation of medications that can
worsen RLS, treatment of secondary causes of RLS such as iron deciency,
conservative treatment, and pharmacologic treatment. Four classes of medications have been used for the treatment of RLS, including dopaminergic
agents, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and opioids.
• Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) is a sleep disorder characterized by rhythmic movements of the limbs during sleep, involving the legs,
but upper extremity movements may also occur. Movements tend to cluster
in episodes that last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours.
• The causes of PLMD are unknown. However, people with a variety of
medical problems, including Parkinson’s disease and narcolepsy, may
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have frequent periodic limb movements in sleep. PLMD may be caused by
medications, most notably antidepressants. Periodic leg movements
(PLMs) occur in at least 85% of people with RLS.PLMS are not usually
seen in REM sleep.
• Rhythmic movement disorder (RMD) occurs mainly in infants and children, and it is usually a benign condition that does not require intervention.
• Propriospinal myoclonus at sleep onset (PSM) is a rare disorder, mostly
idiopathic, that causes severe sleep-onset insomnia. There are no current
guidelines for treatment of PSM.
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Part IV
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Sleep in Special Conditions
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана