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Chapter 15
Experimental Informational Compilation on Isolation From Herbal Sources and Biological
Activity of Rosmarinic Acid ............................................................................................................... 314
Ayse Kuruuzum-Uz, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Seren Gundogdu, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Rosmarinic acid is a valuable polyphenolic molecule mainly found in species of Boraginaceae and
Lamiaceae. The amount of rosmarinic acid varies according to the environmental condition in which
the plant grows, temperature, and humidity. The content of 0.01 to 72 mg/g of rosmarinic acid has been
determined in various plants. Biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid by plant cell culture is
recommended for its high production. The investigations have mainly addressed sources of rosmarinic acid,
its production, and its biological effects. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer
activities, and it is an important substance for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. In
addition to its antioxidant effects, it has been tested in recent studies in neurodegenerative diseases and
has been found to have beneficial effects in these diseases, especially on memory. In this chapter, attention
was drawn to the importance of rosmarinic acid, a valuable chemical, and general information about its
phytochemistry, production, and biological activities was reviewed.
Chapter 16
The Importance of Arugula (Eruca sativa) and Pharmacological Effects of Different
Phytochemical Components in Its Content for Human Health ........................................................... 327
Özlem Ateş Duru, Nişantaşı University, Turkey
Fatma Özsel Özcan Araç, Haliç University, Turkey
Ozan Aldemir, Kocaeli Health and Technology University, Turkey
Rocket salad (Eruca sativa), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is an important vegetable for human
health because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenesis
properties, as well as its rich chemical composition. Important phytochemical substances in rocket
salad, including flavonoids and glucosinolates, have an important function in human health protection.
These components can scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and have anticancer effects by
activating apoptosis in cancer cells. As a result, in terms of defending human health, it is believed that
the consumption of this vegetable has a significant role in protecting against diseases caused by numerous
factors and in the healthy functioning of the body’s immune system.
Chapter 17
Overview of Extraction, Isolation, and Bioavailability Enhancement of Resveratrol:
Phytochemistry and Bioavailability of Resveratrol ............................................................................. 341
Seren Gundogdu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Ayse Kuruuzum-Uz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Turkey
Natural products derived from plants have long been and will continue to be substantial sources of
therapeutic agents in disease prevention and treatment. Resveratrol, which is a bioactive compound in a
polyphenol structure, is found in significant amounts in several plant/food sources such as grapes, peanuts,
strawberries, blueberries, pistachios, red mulberries, cranberries, and tomatoes. These functional foods
rich in resveratrol be used widely owing to resveratrol does not show significant toxicity at low doses.
Today, there is an increasing interest in polyphenols due to their antioxidant properties. The antioxidant
effect of resveratrol underlies many of its medicinal effects, such as its neuroprotective and positive
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effect on neurodegeneration. In addition, it is outstanding with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral,
antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and life-prolonging effects. Studies on resveratrol have previously focused
on its pharmacological activities but recently have focused on its low bioavailability which poses a major
problem to show the predicted effect.
Chapter 18
Phytochemicals From Mangroves and Their Anti-Viral Applications ................................................350
Raghunath Satpathy, Gangadhar Meher University, India
Sonali Acharya, Gangadhar Meher University, India
Phytochemicals are recently gaining major attention for their therapeutic uses against several pathogenic
viruses. Hence, searching for novel anti-viral molecules from plant sources is desirable as it is having
fewer side effects. The mangrove plants are considered as an excellent source of phytomedicine due to
production of several classes of phytochemicals. However, fewer studies have been conducted regarding
the extraction of the potential anti-viral compounds from mangrove sources. In this chapter, an overview
of isolation, extraction, and qualitative estimation of phytochemicals from the mangrove plants have been
described. The major representative mangrove plant and its extracts that have shown potential anti-viral
activity have been documented. Moreover, this chapter highlights the research-based analysis of potential
anti-viral compounds from the plants in the mangrove ecosystem.
Chapter 19
Anticancer Effect of Aristolochia tagala and Curcuma caesia Acting Through Tumor Necrosis
Factor-α: Mediated Nuclear Factor κB Pathway ................................................................................. 366
Khetbadei Lysinia Hynniewta Hadem, North Eastern Hill University, India
Lakhon Kma, North Eastern Hill University, India
Rajeshwar N. Sharan, North Eastern Hill University, India
Arnab Sen, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Research Center for North East Region,
India
This chapter begins with a brief description of the events associated with carcinogenesis such as what led
a normal cell to transform into a pre-neoplastic one, their multiplication, and development into cancer.
The authors also described how reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated endogenously and from
carcinogens, their role in carcinogenesis, and the link between inflammation and cancer. Elucidation
of how cancer arises contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms of action of some natural
products. Herbal natural products contain metabolites that exert a physiological action on human body.
These metabolites are used therapeutically in modern medical practices to prevent and cure various diseases
including cancer. This chapter discusses the anticancer property of two herbal plants Aristolochia tagala
Cham. and Curcuma caesia Roxb. in diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse liver cancer and describes the
most probable molecular mechanisms of action of the metabolites present in these plants contributing
to their anticancer effect.
Chapter 20
Essential Oils and Their Biological Applications: Extraction methods, Types, Biological
Activities, Antimicrobial Fumes ......................................................................................................... 395
Minky Mukhija, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, India
Ankush Sundriyal, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, India
Aanchal Loshali, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, India
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Essential oils are terpinoids and their oxygenated derivatives, which are widely used for antimicrobial,
fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal uses. They are aromatic, hydrophobic, and volatile in nature and
frequently used in medicinal and cosmetic industries. Especially nowadays, volatile oils have a significant
role in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industries. Various conventional and
modern methods of extraction of volatile oil are available. Volatile oil can play an important role in
minimization of microbial load at primary stage and/or to prevent the growth of the microorganisms
during various stages of product management. However, there is still the need more emphasis on research
regarding EO.
Section 3
Advanced Biological Technologies in Herbal Drug Discovery
Chapter 21
Implications and Future Perspectives of Nanomedicine and Plant-Based Biogenic Nanoparticles
(NPs) for Cancer Management............................................................................................................414
Ajeet Singh, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley of Research, India
Neha Patwa, Kurukshetra University, India
Nikhil Mehta, Kurukshetra University, India
Ankita Gautam, Gautam Budha University, India
Priyanka Mishra, University of Texas, USA
Masoumeh Majidi Zolbin, University of Texas, USA
Kanchan Joshi, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, India
Navneet Bithel, Gurukul Kangri University, India
In the modern era of science, nanotechnology has the ability to circumvent numerous disadvantages
of conservative healing preparations. Important progress has been made towards the use of tailored
nanomaterials (NMs) to treat the cancer with efficiency, specificity, and high sensitivity. Tailored
NMs are operationalized with precise ligands that can predictably target the cancer cells and deliver
encapsulated payloads meritoriously. Moreover, NMs can also be deliberated to increase the drug
loading, controlled release, improved half-life, and selective distribution by altering their size, surface
chemistry, composition, and morphology. The conservative cancer treatments have provoked the event
and applications of nanomaterials. The emerging evidence suggests that nanomedicines will provide the
next-generation stages for anticancer remedies.
Chapter 22
Nano Particle-Based Targeted Drug Delivery for Effective Treatment of Cancer Disease: Current
Updates and Future Prospective .......................................................................................................... 432
NISHA Rana, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India
Nanoparticles are currently being used rapidly and tested to overcome some of the limitations of standard
drug delivery systems and can be used as an alternative treatment for cancer. These are the most important
components of nanomedicine, and they have received much attention as promising programs for drug
delivery and cancer treatment. Nanoparticles’ ability to synthesize efficiently or by acting on demanded
tissues or cells is the basis for implanted plant delivery systems. The primary goal of using nanoparticlebased technology was to improve drug solubility, bioavailability, absorption, and controlled release. In
contrast to the last 50 years, nanoparticle-based drug discovery involves a high degree of uncertainty,
and the production of pharmacologically active molecules from natural sources is not an alternative.
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Chapter 23
Role of Herbal Bioactive Compounds as a Potential Bioavailability Enhancer for Active
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ................................................................................................................. 450
Barbara Sawicka, University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland
Parisa Ziarati, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Mohammed Messaoudi, Nuclear Research Centre of Birine (CRNB), Djelfa, Algeria &
Chemistry Department, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, Algeria
Jinous Agarpanah, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Dominika Skiba, University of Life Science in Lublin, Poland
Bernadetta Bienia, Carpathian State College in Krosno, Poland
Piotr Barbaś, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute,
Jadwisin Research Center, Poland
Abdelkrim Rebiai, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, Algeria
Barbara Krochmal-Marczak, Carpathian State College in Krosno, Poland
Farhood Yeganehpoor, University of Tabriz, Iran
Bioactive compounds of plant origin are used all over the world because of their positive impact
on human and animal health and because of their beneficial, specific properties. The most popular
bioactive compounds beneficial to health have been identified and defined earlier. Others are yet to be
discovered. In particular, the most common biological activities of these compounds were indicated,
such as antiallergic, antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor,
antiviral, antithyroid, anxiolytic, to cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and flatulence-inhibiting effects.
The beneficial properties of bioactive compounds may be associated with substances like alcohols,
terpenoids, phenolic antioxidants, and rosmarinic acid, which are present in several medicinal plants.
The updated review considers the physiological, botanical, phytochemical, and medical aspects of herbal
bioactive compounds as well as their therapeutic properties, with a focus on their health benefits and
the potential use of nutraceuticals.
Chapter 24
Bioavailability and Bio-Accessibility of Phytochemical Compounds ................................................ 496
Pinki Saini, University of Allahabad, India
Mazia Ahmed, University of Allahabad, India
Phytochemicals include a heterogeneous class of compounds (polyphenols, carotenoids, tocopherols,
phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds) with different chemical structures (hydrophilic or lipophilic),
distribution in nature (specific or ubiquitous), range of concentrations both in foods and in the human body,
possible site of action, effectiveness against oxidative species, specificity, and biological action. Factors
such as food source, chemical interactions, other biomolecules present in the food, restricted release of
compounds from plant matrix, the solubility in gastrointestinal fluid, the permeability across intestinal
epithelial cells, enzymatic and chemical reactions occurring within the gastrointestinal tract, drastically
affect the bioavailability of these bioactive compounds. The chapter will present the essential aspects of
bioavailability and bio accessibility of phytochemicals, factors limiting the oral bioavailability, as well
as the new delivery approaches that have potential and can be explored to enhance the bioavailability
of phytochemicals.
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Chapter 25
Essential Oils and Their Biological Application in Drug Discovery: Essential Oil as Potential
Drug Leads .......................................................................................................................................... 521
Chandrasekaran Sankaranarayanan, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India
Essential oils are plant-derived secondary metabolites that find immense application in the treatment and
management of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. These oils exert a wide array of
pharmacological and biological properties that are attributed to the various classes of its phytoconstituents.
As these phytoconstituents act on multiple cellular targets, they are found to be beneficial in wide range
of diseases. To overcome the bottlenecks in allopathy medication and also to minimize their adverse
effects, alternative therapies utilizing essential oils and their components gained momentum. The myriad
components of essential oils offer potential lead compounds in the drug discovery process. As many
essential oils and their components are in Phase III clinical trials, drugs derived from them will protect
and promote the health and welfare of mankind.
Compilation of References ............................................................................................................... 539
About the Contributors .................................................................................................................... 709
Index ................................................................................................................................................... 718
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xxv
Preface
Phytochemicals are biologically active compounds present in plants used for food and medicines. A great
deal of interest has been generated recently in the isolation, characterization and biological activity of
phytochemicals. Handbook of Research on Advanced Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Drug Discovery
is in response to the need for more current and global scope of phytochemicals and natural bioactive
compounds. The topics covered in this book range from their occurrence, chemical and physical characteristics, analytical procedures, biological activity, safety and industrial applications. The constantly
changing landscape surrounding modern pharmacological and biomedical science makes it challenging
for experts and practitioners to stay informed of the most up-to-date research. That is why the editor is
pleased to offer this inclusive reference collection that will empower students, practitioners, academicians, and researchers with a strong understanding of various critical issues by providing both wide and
comprehensive on cutting-edge theories and progress. This compilation is designed to act as single reference resource on conceptual, theoretical, methodological, and technical features as well as to provide
insight into emerging trends and future prospective within the discipline.
Handbook of Research on Advanced Phytochemicals and Plant-Based Drug Discovery is planned
into three sections that provide comprehensive coverage of important topics. The sections are:
1. Phytochemicals in Disease Management and Herbal Drug Discovery
2. Biological Activities of Medicinal Plants and Natural Bioactive Compounds
3. Advanced Biological Technologies in Herbal Drug Discovery
Although the primary organization of the contents in this book is based on its three sections, offering a progression of coverage of the important concepts, methodologies, technologies, innovations,
applications, and emerging trends, the reader can also identify specific content by using the extensive
indexing system listed at the end.
Chapter 1 discussed the several therapeutic utilization of bioactive compounds and phytochemicals.
Bioactive compounds are compounds that are naturally extracted from plants and microbes. They are
designated as energy-dense molecules because they play an important role in the normal functions and
metabolic pathways of life.
Chapter 2 discussed the therapeutic aspects of herbal decoctions. Modern procedures and unique approaches to therapeutic modification get a boost from ethnic expertise. Ayurvedic medicine is a specialized form of traditional medicine that developed in India and the surrounding subcontinents. Decoction
is a basic Ayurvedic dose form that is one of the most commonly used and thought to be one of the most
effective in traditional medicine. Plant ingredients are chopped into small pieces and soaked in a certain
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Preface
amount of water in an earthenware pot and other vessels to make decoctions. Polyherbal formulations,
such as decoctions, have long been used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of ailments.
Chapter 3 discussed the therapeutic aspects medicinal plants and herbs for the management of various zoonotic diseases. Ethnoveterinary medicine is a branch of ethnobotany concerned with the study
of traditional remedies. Ethnoveterinary methods are as old as the domestication of numerous livestock
species when it comes to animal healthcare. For most of history, the growth of veterinary botanical
medicine, the oldest kind of veterinary medicine, has followed a parallel path to that of human medicine.
Herbal medicine has experienced a variety of conceptual modifications over time, yet its tone has stayed
mostly same from antiquity to the present.
Chapter 4 describes the most important plant extracts and their bioactive compounds which determine
the antibiotic activity. Pharmacological assays performed for each plant extract are presented, including the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as the most used experimental method to determine
antimicrobial activity. Also, there are presented the associations between antibiotics and plant extracts
that have shown synergistic antibacterial activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Chapter 5 describes common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and
Huntington’s diseases and cognitive disorders originating from these are among the age-related diseases with the highest mortality rate. Our lifestyle, especially our eating habits, has effect on neuronal
survival. New data show that improving dietary habits provides successful results in the prevention or
treatment of diseases. The effective role of bioactive components on neuronal survival helps develop
new therapeutic approaches.
Chapter 6 discuss the studies (in vitro or in vivo) reporting or suggesting the gut microbial effect on
different phytochemicals. The gut microbiota plays an important role for host nutritional, physiological,
immunological functions like food digestion, vitamin production, protection of gut integrity, regulation
of host immunity and disease pathogenesis. Dietary phytochemicals are important factor to shape and
change the human gut microbiota composition in diversity and abundance context. On the other hand, the
microbial community of the gut provides a broad range of enzymes to host which are different from its
own resources. This enables human gut microbiota to affect and direct the biosynthesis and metabolism
of many bioactive compounds. Bioavailability of phyotchemicals is important to benefit from health
conferring effects of these compounds.
Chapter 7 discusses the gastrointestinal diseases and their management using medicinal plants and
bioactive compounds. This chapter also present some of the medicinal plants that are used to treat and
minimize signals of GI disease pathogenesis. Gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are those that affect the
digestive tract. This may include sections from the esophagus to the rectum, and the liver, gallbladder
and pancreas associated digestive organs. Gastrointestinal diseases may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.
Natural products show the potential ability to treat the causes and decrease the GI tract production systems.
Chapter 8 briefly highlights the current status of commercialized phytochemicals used as anticancer
drugs along with mechanism of action of some important drugs. Cancer is one of the most deadly diseases caused due to abnormal division of the cells. Researchers are facing major challenge for finding
the effective treatment of the cancer. Various methods of cancer treatment are chemotherapy, surgery,
stem cell/bone marrow transplant, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and anticancer drugs. The anticancer
drugs may be natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic in nature. The most widely used anticancer drugs are the
phytochemicals isolated from the plants of their semi-synthetic analogues. So the research focuses on the
isolation and identification of the bioactive compounds from natural sources as a potent anticancer agent.
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Preface
Chapter 9 heighted the medicinal plants, and their bioactive compounds, utilized in diabetes therapy
and molecular targets of Type 2 diabetes treatment. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder related
to persistent hyperglycemia. It is characterized by lack of secretion and/or reduce activity of insulin, which
causes many chronic complications. Medicinal plants offer a passel of remedies that resolve symptomatology and mitigate the progression of T2D. Although several pre-clinical and clinical investigations
indicate the success of conventional medicine in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, but still there
are several side effects. Consequently, this necessitates the exploration of complementary and alternative treatment programs that may include natural products as safe and effective anti-diabetic candidates.
Chapter 10 focus on role of phytochemicals and natural products on major pathological factors in
neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative illnesses are disorders that cause a considerable loss
of neurons, both structurally and functionally, and affect millions of people globally. These disorders
include Parkinson’s disease, which is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons;
Huntington’s disease, characterized by the loss of spiny, medium-sized striatal neurons; and Alzheimer’s
disease (AD), characterized by cerebral atrophy. As a result of current therapeutic procedures and the
progressive nature of these diseases, a number of side effects have emerged, prompting patients to seek
alternative treatment.
Chapter 11 focuses on phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents, giving detailed information about
infectious diseases and microbial agents responsible for the pathobiology of these diseases. Also, the
mechanisms of antimicrobial activity of phytochemicals with antimicrobial properties were discussed.
Microbial infections and antibiotic resistance are two of the most serious threats to society’s health today.
Millions of people die each year as a result of microbial infections. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic
caused by viral infections was responsible for the highest amount of all deaths that year.
Chapter 12 focuses on the plant-based anticancer drug discovery. The number of people with cancer
and death rates are constantly increasing in the world. Although surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy
are still the most preferred methods, they have inadequacies, limited efficacy and side effects. Therefore, the development of new treatment methods has gained importance. Natural products were used for
medical and therapeutic purposes in ancient times and are still used today. While some naturally derived
molecules have already been shown to be effective against cancer, studies are ongoing for many natural
molecules as cancer therapeutics. There are still many plant species and compounds whose effectiveness
has not yet been discovered in the world.
Chapter 13 focuses on the several medical aspects of Moringa oleifera. Humans have always been on
the finding out for health-promoting drugs. Edible oils are one of the most well-known items for their
nutritional and health benefits. This study looked at bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera seed oils
(MOSO) and its ‘enormous potential use in the production of a variety of beneficial goods. In fact, Mo-
ringa oleifera (MO) is cultivated for nutraceutical and medicinal utilities. Nevertheless, MOSO is now
being researched for its possible application as a natural antioxidant for both edible and/or medicinal
drugs. The effect of the different extraction techniques of seed oil and the origin of moringa seeds, on
the amount and quality of bioactive compounds were investigated in the present work. According to the
findings, MOSO is a good source of nutrients and may be classified as a health-promoting product and
can use as resource in the production of diverse culinary and medicinal items.
Chapter 14 focuses on bioactive compounds of Cucurbitaceae seed oils as nutraceuticals and health
promoting activities. Edible oils are one of the important products that have lately come to light for their
beneficial and nutritional properties. As a result, scientists and the oil industry are always working to
demonstrate the health-giving benefits of both fruit and vegetable seed oils. Fruits are popular for their
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xxvii
Preface
fleshy parts. However, the seeds are often discarded since they are thought worthless. This research
looked at the bioactive components found in the Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita spp., Cucumis melo L., Citrullu
slanatus) seed oils extracted using various extraction procedures on Cucurbitaceae seeds from various
species and geographical places throughout the globe. The outcomes of the study show that Cucurbitaceae seed oils are a good source of nutrients and may be classified as health-promoting compounds.
Chapter 15 deals with the therapeutic aspects of rosmarinic acid. Rosmarinic acid is a valuable polyphenolic molecule mainly found in species of Boraginaceae and Lamiaceae. The amount of Rosmarinic
acid varies according to the environmental condition in which the plant grows, temperature and humidity.
The content of 0.01 to 72 mg/g Rosmarinic acid has been determined in various plants. Biotechnological production of Rosmarinic acid by plant cell culture is recommended for its high production. The
investigations have mainly addressed sources of Rosmarinic acid, its production and biological effects.
Rosmarinic acid is a valuable molecule with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer
activities. Since Rosmarinic acid has a broad biological spectrum, it is an important substance for the
pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. In addition to its antioxidant effects, it has been tested
in recent studies in neurodegenerative diseases and has been found to have beneficial effects in these
diseases, especially on memory.
Chapter 16 focused on the importance of arugula (Eruca sativa) and pharmacological effects of dif-
ferent phytochemical Rocket salad (Eruca sativa), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is an important
vegetable for human health because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiproliferative,
and antiangiogenesis properties, as well as its rich chemical composition. Important phytochemical substances in rocket salad, including flavonoids and glucosinolates, have an important function in human
health protection. These components can scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and have
anticancer effects by activating apoptosis in cancer cells.
Chapter 17 describes the overview of extraction, isolation and bioavailability aspects of Resveratrol.
The phytochemistry and Bioavailability of ResveratrolNatural products derived from plants have long
been and will continue to be substantial sources of therapeutic agents in disease prevention and treatment.
Resveratrol, which is a bioactive compound in a polyphenol structure, is found in significant amounts in
several plant/food sources such as grapes, peanuts, strawberries, blueberries, pistachios, red mulberry,
cranberries, and tomatoes. These functional foods rich in resveratrol be used widely owing to resveratrol
does not show significant toxicity at low doses. Today, there is an increasing interest in polyphenols due
to their antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effect of resveratrol underlies many of its medicinal effects, such as its neuroprotective and positive effect on neurodegeneration. In addition, it is outstanding
with anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and life-prolonging effects.
Chapter 18 highlights the research-based analysis of potential antiviral compounds from the plants in
the mangrove ecosystem. Phytochemicals are recently gaining major attention for their therapeutic uses
against several pathogenic viruses. Hence, searching for novel antiviral molecules from plant sources is
desirable as it is having fewer side effects. The mangrove plants are considered as an excellent source
of phytomedicine due to production of several classes of phytochemicals. However, fewer studies have
been conducted regarding the extraction of the potential antiviral compounds from mangrove sources.
In this chapter, an overview of isolation, extraction and qualitative estimation of phytochemicals from
the mangrove plants have been described.
Chapter 19 begins with a brief description of carcinogenesis, the important events associated with
carcinogenesis such as what lead a normal cell to transform into a pre-neoplastic one, their multiplication
and development into cancer. It was described how carcinogens are metabolised into reactive oxygen
xxviii
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Preface
species (ROS) endogenously, and how they cause DNA cleavage and base oxidation generating mutations
and accumulation of such mutations leading to gene activation or suppression and the role of inflammation in cancer. Elucidation of how cancer arises contributes to our ability to understand the molecular
mechanisms of action of some natural products. Herbal natural products contain secondary metabolites
that exert a physiological effect within the human body. These metabolites are used therapeutically in
modern medical practices to prevent and cure various diseases including cancer. This chapter discusses
the anticancer property of Aristolochia tagala and Curcuma caesia in chemically induced liver cancer
of mice and describes the most probable molecular mechanisms of action of the metabolites present in
these plants contributing to their anticancer effect.
Chapter 20 summarizes EOs, its relevant components, extraction methods, their biological importance
and antimicrobial fumes. Essential oils are terpenoids and their oxygenated derivatives,widely used as
antimicrobial, fungicidal, antiparasitic, insecticidal, etc. They are aromatic, hydrophobic and volatile in
nature and frequently used in medicinal and cosmetic industries. Nowadays, volatile oil have significant
role inpharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural and food industries. Various conventional and
modern methods of extraction of volatile oil are available.
Chapter 21 summarizes essential oils, its components, extraction methods, and their therapeutic
importance. Essential oils are plant derived secondary metabolites that find immense application in the
treatment and management of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. These oils exert
a wide array of pharmacological and biological properties that are attributed to the various classes of
its phytoconstituents. As these phytoconstituents act on multiple cellular targets they are found to be
beneficial in wide range of diseases. To overcome the bottlenecks in allopathy medication and also to
minimize their adverse effects, alternative therapies utilizing essential oils and their components gained
momentum which are found to be safe, available and affordable. The myriad components of essential
oil offer potential lead compounds in the drug discovery process. As many of essential oils and their
components are in phase III clinical trials, drugs derived from them will protect and promote health and
welfare of mankind.
Chapter 22 is a series of biological NMs that is presently being working for the anticancer healings
and converse the central role of their biological possessions in the cancer remedy. In the modern era of
science nanotechnology has the budding to circumvent numerous disadvantages of conservative healing
preparations. Several important progresses have been prepared towards the use of tail or head nanomaterials (NMs) to treat the cancer with efficiency, specificity, and high sensitivity. Tailored NMs operationalized with precise ligands that can predictably target the cancer cells and deliver encapsulated payloads
meritoriously. Moreover, NMs can also be deliberated to increase the drug loading, controlled release,
improved half-life, and selective distribution by altering their size, surface chemistry, composition, and
morphology. The conservative cancer treatments existing natural boundaries have provoked the event and
applications of nanomaterials, which compromised with a hopeful and harmless dealing. The emerging
evidence suggests that nanomedicines will provide the next-generation stages for anticancer remedy.
Chapter 23 describes the nanoparticles-based targeted drug delivery for effective cancer management. Cancer is one of the most serious diseases. Nanoparticles are now being rapidly used and trialed
to overcome few limitations of traditional drug delivery systems and are also serves as a distinct therapeutics for the treatment of cancer disease. These are the main component of nano-medicine and also a
promising system of drug-delivery for diagnosis of cancer and therapy. Initially, the use of nanoparticles
based technology was depended on increasing the solubility of a substance, bioavailability, and drug
absorption and regulated release. Although developing chemicals particularly pharmacological active
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xxix