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Therapeutic Utilization of Bioactive Compounds and Phytochemicals
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Chapter 2
Decoction and Their
Biological Activities
23
Ankit Kumar
Kumaun University, India
Rashi Miglani
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9889-3067
Kumaun University, India
Nagma Parveen
Kumaun University, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3752-3174
Gaurav Rawat
Kumaun University, India
Mahendra Rana
Kumaun University, India
Satpal Singh Bisht
Kumaun University, India
ABSTRACT
Modern procedures and unique approaches to therapeutic modification get a boost from ethnic expertise. Ayurvedic medicine is a specialized form of traditional medicine that developed in India and the
surrounding subcontinents. Decoction is a basic Ayurvedic dose form that is one of the most commonly
used and thought to be one of the most effective in traditional medicine. Plant ingredients are chopped
into small pieces and soaked in a certain amount of water in an earthenware pot and other vessels to
make decoctions. Polyherbal formulations, such as decoctions, have long been used in Ayurveda to treat
a variety of ailments. It has been discovered that decoction can aid in the treatment and prevention of
a variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, nasal diseases, allergic rhinitis, cancer,
jaundice, liver disorders and metabolic diseases, cold pathogenic diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease, and so on. This chapter delves into one of the oldest types of extractions utilized by our forefathers to treat a variety of ailments.
INTRODUCTION:
Traditional practices in modern lifestyles are currently emerging on a daily basis. Ethnic knowledge
provides wings to modern methodologies and novel approaches to therapeutic modification. In addition,
numerous older processes for preparing dosage forms are still in use. Various current and traditional
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-5129-8.ch002
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Decoction and Their Biological Activities
methods are utilized to extract active components. Extraction is one of the processes of separating active components of plant or animal tissues from their inert counterparts using certain solvents. Aside
from the well-established traditional extraction procedures, some of which are still widely used today,
for the extraction of the active components of medicinal plants and expression, the main techniques are
digestion, infusion, percolation, decoction, aqueous alcoholic extraction by countercurrent extraction
(CCE) and fermentation, cold fat extraction like enfleurage, cohobation and protoplast extraction (Sasidharan et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2018 & Manousiet al., 2019). Some of the extraction techniques were
mentioned in Fig 1. This chapter deals with one of the oldest form of extractions used by our ancestors
to cure various health problems. Decoction is a process of extracting water-soluble and thermostable
components. Decoctions are made by cutting plant materials into little pieces, soaking and boiling them
in a specific amount of water in an earthenware pots and in different containers (Manousiet al., 2019 &
Nafiuet al., 2017).The extraction of thermolabile or volatile components is not possible using decoction
(Zhang et al., 2018).
Figure 1. Different Methods of Extraction
Various forms of Phytochemicals Decoctions:
Strong Decoction: Strong decoctions are produced in two methods, depending on the type of plant
material employed. The first method includes boiling the mixture for a longer period of time. When
working with a larger portion of hardwood bark, longer boiling times, up to 2 hours or more. Similarly,
the second, when tiny wooden parts are boiled for 20 minutes, they are left to soak overnight before
being strained (Nafiu et al., 2017).
Dried Decoction: The dried decoctions are made by a decoction of the herb formulations in big
batches (in huge tanks) and then emptying the fluid from the residues. The fluid is then evaporated (by
vacuum and heat) to make syrup. To make the powder, the syrup is placed into a spray dryer with a
powder carrier (Nafiu et al., 2017).
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Decoction and Their Biological Activities
Ayurvedic system of Medicines:
Ayurvedic medicine is a customized system of traditional medicine that originated in India and the
neighboring subcontinents. It is a life science that takes a holistic approach to health and provides tailored medicine (Farooqui et al., 2018 & Chauhan et al., 2015). World Health Organization report says,
approximately 70–80% of the world’s population relies on complementary and alternative treatments.
While Ayurvedic medicine is extremely efficient, the proper mechanism of action, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacovigilance profile of significant Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals are still unknown.
Additionally, thorough knowledge of Ayurveda’s fundamental principles is not widely acknowledged
scientifically due to a dearth of evidence. They obtain the majority of their healthcare from herbal sources.
Ayurveda contains a detailed account of numerous dose forms that dates back over 5000 years. (Arun.
et al., 2014 & Chauhan et al., 2015). Various dosage forms were used in Ayurveda and are categorized
into three major forms as per their physical status (fig no. 2).
Figure 2. Different types of Ayurvedic dosage forms
Decoction is a fundamental Ayurvedic dosage form, that is one of the most regularly used and believed
to be one of the most effective dosage forms in traditional medicines (Dahanayakeet al.,2019&Tacchiniet
al.,2015).In Ayurveda decoction is one of the liquid dosage forms called as (Kwatha) (Arun et al.,2014).
A basic procedure for the preparation of decoction is explained in (fig 3).
Decoctions in the Management of Various Problems:
Polyherbal compositions like decoctions have also been utilized for a long time in Ayurveda to treat variety of illnesses. Herbal medication can aid in the treatment of disorders such as cancer, liver troubles,
nasal and allergy problems, respiratory tract infections and pathogenic infections (Bhatt and Deshpande
2020). Systematic decoction is based on specific medical concepts and it is an approach to living a healthy
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25
Figure 3. A simple approach for making a decoction
Decoction and Their Biological Activities
lifestyle that is consistent with accepted views about the prevention of disease and the promotion of health
that have been around for a while (Ahmad et al., 2021). The availability of conventional medications
with effective therapeutic potential derived from natural sources, as well as valuable historical treatment
experience, give a more prominent therapeutic strategy against COVID-19. Traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM) has extensive experience in the long-term prevention and treatment of epidemics and is characterized by broad-spectrum immunity, universal adaptability and foresight. TCM’s distinct advantages have
drawn increasing attention to the epidemic prevention and treatment of COVID-19 (Yang et al., 2020;
Ren et al., 2021).In light of the current circumstances, several treatment modalities have been carefully
considered, including traditional medicine, which has been widely employed during previous epidemic
outbreaks, such as SARS and H1N1 influenza and is expected to be largely used in the future (Luo et
al., 2020). Up to this point, only three nations have produced guidance on traditional regimens for the
prevention and management of COVID-19, including India, China and the Republic of South Korea
(Ang et al., 2020).Some of them are discussed in Table 1.
CONCLUSION:
At this time, consumers are finding it increasingly difficult to buy health insurance because of escalating
health care costs. Medications based on drugs are both prohibitively expensive in developing nations
like India and troublesome in the West due to the numerous adverse effects. In Ayurvedic medicine,
preparations like Decoction can help to prevent disease from developing. Decoctions appeared to be
more effective against cancer cell lines, infections and germs in several investigations.
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Decoction and Their Biological Activities
Table 1. Various decoctions role in the management of different diseases
Treatment for Decoction used Components involved References
Neurodegenerative diseases Danggui-shaoyao-san decoction
Nasal diseases and Allergic rhinitis Tamalakyadi decoction
Merwilla decoction Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta
Scilla decoction Scilla natalensis Planch.
Eucomis decoction Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.)
Pittosporum decoction Pittosporum viridif lorum Si
Internal and external
Cancer
Coronavirus Disease
Jaundice, liver disorders and various
metabolic diseases
Cold Pathogenic Diseases
Coronary heart disease, blood stasis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Lingguizhugan decoction
Respiratory tract infection, nosocomial
pneumonia, chronic Bronchitis, perennial
allergic rhinitis, idiopathic sweating and
augment appetite in end-stage cancer
patients, severe acute respiratory syndrome,
asthma, hepatic-fibrosis, pulmonary- fibrosis
and dermatitis
Damp-heat jaundice and other hepatic
Inflammation of upper respiratory tract Joshanda
Acute infectious diarrhoea Guava leaf decoction Leaves of Psidium guajava Birdi et al., 2020
Hemorrhoidal disease
Immune and Neuroendocrine systems. Liuwei Dihuang decoction
Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Matricaria recutita L. Decoction Chamomile plant Sebai et al., 2014
Cancer and Antimicrobial Decoctions of Castanea sativa flowers Chestnuts plant Carocho et al., 2014
Antihypertensive Activity San Cao Decoction
Antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-diarrheal
and anti-leshimania
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain
AChE inhibition activity and antioxidant
cancer
Colorectal cancer
Cervical cancer Guizhi-Fuling-decoction
Gastric cancer Banxia Xiexin Decoction
Lung cancer Haimufang decoction Sargassum, Ostreae Concha, Menispermi Rhizome and Solani Nigri Herba Ma et al., 2020
syndrome
diseases
COVID-19 AYUSH kwath
Anti-diabetic
Anti-obesity Varanadi kashayam (decoction)
syndrome
potential
Curtisia decoction Curtisia dentata (Burm.f.)
Sutherlandia decoction Sutherlandia frutescens L. R
Shaoyao Decoction
Maxing Shigan decoction
Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing
Shi Gan Decoction
He-Jie-Shen-Shi decoction
Yinchenhao decoction Artemisiae scopariae herba, Radix et Rhizoma Rhei and Gardeniae Fructus. Huang et al., 2017
Mahuang Decoction (Ephedra
Decoction)
Buyang Huanwu decoction
Yu Ping Feng decoction Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Saposhnikoviae Radix Zuo et al., 2018
Yīn-Chén-Hāo decoction Artemisia capillaries, Gardenia jasminoides and Rheum rhabarbarum Li et al., 2017
Liang-Xue-Di-Huang Decoction
ShengMai-Yin and Ganmaidazao
decoction
Echinops kebericho Decoction Echinops kebericho herb Deyno et al., 2020
Qian-Yu decoction
Santolina impressa Decoction Santolina impressa leaves, stems and capitula Rodrigues et al., 2020
Paeoniae Radix Alba, Angelica Sinensis Radix, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Poria,
Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and Alismatis Rhizoma.
Phyllanthus niruri L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Premna herbacea Roxb., Piper
retrofractum Vahl., Piper longum L., Solanum trilobatum L., Tinospora cordifolia
(Tunb.) Miers, Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe, Piper nigrum L., Solanum melongena L.,
Paeonia lactiflora,Angelica sinensis,Coptis chinensis,Areca catechu,Aucklandia
Cinnamomum cassia, Paeonia lactiflora, Paeonia suffruticosa, Prunus persica and
Pinellia ternata, Scutellaria baicalensis, ginseng, dried ginger, licorice, Chinese-
Ephedra sinica, Semen armeniacae amarum, Gypsum Fibrosum and Glycyrrhiza
21 herbs mainly Herba Ephedrae, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Semen armeniacae amarum,
Gypsum fibrosum, Ramulus Cinmomi, Rhizoma Alismatis and Polyporus umbellatus
Bupleurum chinense, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Pinellia ternata, Glycyrrhiza
uralensis, Codonopsis pilosula, Poria cocos, Alisma plantago-aquatica subsp.
orientale, Atractylodes macrocephala, Neolitsea cassia, Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen, Pyrrosia lingua, Plantago asiatica and Benincasa hispida
Herba Ephedrae, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, and Radix
Milkvetch Root, Chinese Angelica, Szechwan Lovage Rhizome, Red Peony Root, Earth
Poria, Ramulus Cinnamomi, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, and Radix
Althaea officinalis, Cordia latifolia, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Malva sylvestris, Onosma
Ocimum sanctum L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl., Zingiber officinale Roscoe and
Piper nigrum L.
Sophora japonica L., Platycladus orientalis (L.)Franco, Sanguisorba officinalis
L., Coptis chinensis Franch., Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Angelica sinensis(oliv)
Diels, Citrus aurantium L., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Paeonia lactiflora Pall.,
Schizonepeta tenuifolin Briq., Trichosanthes Kirilowii Maxim, Cimicifuga heraclei
Radix Rehmanniae, Dioscorea opposite, Cornus officinalis, Paeonia suffruticosa,
Radix Ginseng, Radix Ophiopogonis, Fructus Schisandrae, Fructus Tritici levis and
Plumbago zeylanica, Chenomorpha fragrans, Aegle marmelos, Aristolochia
Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Leonurus japonicus Houtt and
Radix astragali, Herba epimedii,
Herba leonuri, Cortex phellodendri and Radix achyranthis bidentatae
Solanum xanthocarpum L., Justicia adhatoda L.
lappa,Glycyrrhiza uralensis,Rheum officinale,Scutellaria baicalensis, and
Crataeva religiosa, Strobilanthes ciliatus, Asparagus racemosus,
Holoptelia integrifolia, Premna corymbosa, Terminalia chebula,
Moringa olifera, Desmostachya bipinnata and Semicarpus anacardium.
Prunella vulgaris L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.,
Cinnamomum tamala
Poria cocos
dates, and Coptis chinensis
uralensis
Glycyrrhizae
Worm, Peach Seed and Safflower
Glycyrrhizae
bracteatum Viola odorata and Zizyphus Sativa.
folia. Kom and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.
Alisma plantago-aquatica and Poria cocos
Fructus Zizyphi Jujubae
bracteolate, Solanum melongena,
Aerua lanata, Pongamia glabra,
Gentiana lutea L
Dahanayake et al., 2019
Koduru et al., 2007
Wang et al., 2019
Zhang & Zhang, 2008
Sun et al., 2021
Li et al., 2021
Yang et al., 2020
Hu et al., 2021
Abdullah et al., 2015
Ahmad et al., 2021
Chinchu et al., 2020
Luo et al., 2016
Yao et al., 2013
Hui et al., 2010
Xu et al., 2020
Shi et al., 2020
Zhou et al., 2016
Li et al., 2019
Ma et al., 2019
Zhang et al., 2017
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